Embodiments described herein relate to anode particles produced in part from discarded graphite particles, and methods of producing the same. In some aspects, a method of forming carbon-coated anode particles can include mixing a first plurality of particles, a second plurality of particles, and a plurality of graphene particles to form a dry powder, the first plurality of graphite particles including particles rejected from a graphite spheronization process, the second plurality of graphite particles including particles rejected from a graphite micronization process, mixing the dry powder with water and a carbon-containing liquid to form a slurry, spray-drying the slurry to form an agglomerated mix, and heating the agglomerated mix to form carbon-coated anode particles. In some embodiments, the spray-drying includes atomizing the slurry to form droplets. In some embodiments, the spray-drying can include heating the droplets in a heated chamber to form dried particles.
A process for in situ functionalization of graphene including placing a graphitic precursor in an exfoliation cannister with exfoliation media; creating an inert atmosphere in the exfoliation cannister; exfoliating the graphitic precursor to form graphene having carboxyl moieties; and reacting the carboxyl moieties in the exfoliation cannister under conditions, such as a temperature of between 260 and 500° C., and in the presence of a substance to chemically reduce or react the carboxyl moieties during the exfoliating to produce hydrophobic graphene. Additionally, a process of molding an article including intermixing a thermoplastic in a molten state with hydrophobic graphene produced by an in situ functionalization process to form a dispersion of the hydrophobic graphene in the thermoplastic; injecting a melt of the dispersion of the hydrophobic graphene in the thermoplastic into a mold having a cavity complementary to the article; and allowing the melt to cool to form the article.
B29C 45/00 - Moulage par injection, c.-à-d. en forçant un volume déterminé de matière à mouler par une buse d'injection dans un moule ferméAppareils à cet effet
A process for in situ functionalization of graphene including placing a graphitic precursor in an exfoliation cannister with exfoliation media; creating an inert atmosphere in the exfoliation cannister; exfoliating the graphitic precursor to form graphene having carboxyl moieties; and reacting the carboxyl moieties in the exfoliation cannister under conditions, such as a temperature of between 260 and 500° C., and in the presence of a substance to chemically reduce or react the carboxyl moieties during the exfoliating to produce hydrophobic graphene. Additionally, a process of molding an article including intermixing a thermoplastic in a molten state with hydrophobic graphene produced by an in situ functionalization process to form a dispersion of the hydrophobic graphene in the thermoplastic; injecting a melt of the dispersion of the hydrophobic graphene in the thermoplastic into a mold having a cavity complementary to the article; and allowing the melt to cool to form the article.
B29C 45/00 - Moulage par injection, c.-à-d. en forçant un volume déterminé de matière à mouler par une buse d'injection dans un moule ferméAppareils à cet effet
5.
LITHIUM-COATED ANODE PARTICLES AND METHODS OF PRODUCING THE SAME
Embodiments described herein relate to anode particles coated with lithium, and methods of producing the same. In some aspects, a method can include melting lithium and a first plurality of graphene flakes together to form a suspension, coating an anode particle with the suspension to form a lithiated particle, the anode particle coated with a second plurality of graphene flakes, and applying a pressure to the lithiated particle. In some embodiments, the method can include heating the lithiated particle. Heating and application of pressure can facilitate diffusion of lithium toward a center region of the lithiated particle. In some embodiments, the method can further include coating the anode particle with the second plurality of graphene flakes. In some embodiments, the anode particle can include silicon, a silicon alloy, silicon oxide, and/or silicon dioxide.
Embodiments described herein relate to anode particles produced in part from discarded graphite particles, and methods of producing the same. In some aspects, a method of forming carbon-coated anode particles can include mixing a first plurality of particles, a second plurality of particles, and a plurality of graphene particles to form a dry powder, the first plurality of graphite particles including particles rejected from a graphite spheronization process, the second plurality of graphite particles including particles rejected from a graphite micronization process, mixing the dry powder with water and a carbon-containing liquid to form a slurry, spray-drying the slurry to form an agglomerated mix, and heating the agglomerated mix to form carbon-coated anode particles. In some embodiments, the spray-drying includes atomizing the slurry to form droplets. In some embodiments, the spray-drying can include heating the droplets in a heated chamber to form dried particles.
Embodiments described herein relate to anode particles produced in part from discarded graphite particles, and methods of producing the same. In some aspects, a method of forming carbon-coated anode particles can include mixing a first plurality of particles, a second plurality of particles, and a plurality of graphene particles to form a dry powder, the first plurality of graphite particles including particles rejected from a graphite spheronization process, the second plurality of graphite particles including particles rejected from a graphite micronization process, mixing the dry powder with water and a carbon-containing liquid to form a slurry, spray-drying the slurry to form an agglomerated mix, and heating the agglomerated mix to form carbon-coated anode particles. In some embodiments, the spray-drying includes atomizing the slurry to form droplets. In some embodiments, the spray-drying can include heating the droplets in a heated chamber to form dried particles.
H01M 4/62 - Emploi de substances spécifiées inactives comme ingrédients pour les masses actives, p. ex. liants, charges
H01M 4/1395 - Procédés de fabrication d’électrodes à base de métaux, de Si ou d'alliages
H01M 10/0525 - Batteries du type "rocking chair" ou "fauteuil à bascule", p. ex. batteries à insertion ou intercalation de lithium dans les deux électrodesBatteries à l'ion lithium
A graphene-based lubricant is provided that includes a graphene-based additive. The graphene-based additive, along with and other optional additives is dispersed in a base liquid. A method of lubrication is also provided that includes the application of the composition to two mating surfaces to form a protective coating between the two mating surfaces.
Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for manufacturing a master batch with a graphitic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing the master batch can include combining the graphitic material with a polymer, adding a supercritical fluid to the mixture, and depressurizing the supercritical fluid to remove the supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the graphitic material and the polymer for a first time period to form a first mixture and transferring the supercritical fluid to the first mixture to form a second mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the second mixture for a second time period and depressurizing the second mixture to allow the supercritical fluid to transition to a gas phase.
B29C 48/00 - Moulage par extrusion, c.-à-d. en exprimant la matière à mouler dans une matrice ou une filière qui lui donne la forme désiréeAppareils à cet effet
B29C 48/40 - Moyens pour plastifier ou homogénéiser la matière à mouler ou pour la forcer dans la filière ou la matrice utilisant des vis entourées par un fourreau coopérant, p. ex. des extrudeuses à vis simple utilisant au moins deux vis parallèles, p. ex. extrudeuses à vis doubles
B29B 9/10 - Fabrication de granulés par moulage de matière, c.-à-d. par traitement en état de fusion
B29C 43/00 - Moulage par pressage, c.-à-d. en appliquant une pression externe pour faire couler la matière à moulerAppareils à cet effet
B29C 45/00 - Moulage par injection, c.-à-d. en forçant un volume déterminé de matière à mouler par une buse d'injection dans un moule ferméAppareils à cet effet
C08L 57/00 - Compositions contenant des polymères non spécifiés obtenus par des réactions ne faisant intervenir que des liaisons non saturées carbone-carbone
10.
LITHIUM-COATED ANODE PARTICLES AND METHODS OF PRODUCING THE SAME
Embodiments described herein relate to anode particles coated with lithium, and methods of producing the same. In some aspects, a method can include melting lithium and a first plurality of graphene flakes together to form a suspension, coating an anode particle with the suspension to form a lithiated particle, the anode particle coated with a second plurality of graphene flakes, and applying a pressure to the lithiated particle. In some embodiments, the method can include heating the lithiated particle. Heating and application of pressure can facilitate diffusion of lithium toward a center region of the lithiated particle. In some embodiments, the method can further include coating the anode particle with the second plurality of graphene flakes. In some embodiments, the anode particle can include silicon, a silicon alloy, silicon oxide, and/or silicon dioxide.
H01M 4/1395 - Procédés de fabrication d’électrodes à base de métaux, de Si ou d'alliages
H01M 4/36 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs
H01M 4/62 - Emploi de substances spécifiées inactives comme ingrédients pour les masses actives, p. ex. liants, charges
H01M 4/70 - Supports ou collecteurs caractérisés par la forme ou la configuration
H01M 10/0525 - Batteries du type "rocking chair" ou "fauteuil à bascule", p. ex. batteries à insertion ou intercalation de lithium dans les deux électrodesBatteries à l'ion lithium
11.
GRAPHENE-PATCHED YOLK-SHELL ANODES AND METHODS OF PRODUCING THE SAME
Embodiments described herein relate to electrodes containing yolk-sell electroactive materials. In some aspects, an anode can include a carbon shell having an outer surface and an inner volume, the carbon shell including a plurality of pinholes on the outer surface. The anode particle is disposed in the inner volume of the carbon shell, such that a portion of the inner volume includes a void space. The anode further includes a plurality of graphene flakes disposed on the outer surface of the carbon shell, the plurality of graphene flakes covering at least a portion of the pinholes. In some embodiments, at least about 50% of the inner volume of the carbon shell can include void space. In some embodiments, the plurality of graphene flakes can cover at least about 90% of the pinholes.
Graphene-modified polymeric foam materials are provided that are amenable to conventional foams to yield articles with superior properties relative to like articles absent the graphene cell modifier. Graphene-based cell modifiers are incorporated in the polymer before or during the foaming process to not only improve the mechanical, thermal, electrical, fire retardant, or barrier properties of the polymer matrix itself, but also help modify the size, density, and morphology of cells in the foam, thereby tailoring the properties of the final foam articles. The graphene-modified polymeric foam materials may be utilized for the manufacturing of articles for mechanical, thermal, noise reduction, or sound absorption applications. The graphene-modified foams and articles made thereof have the advantages higher mechanical strength, better thermal stability, and better sound absorption properties as compared to the conventional polymeric foams such as materials made by copolymer polyol.
Embodiments described herein can include a composition comprising a thermoset resin with a plurality of graphene flakes dispersed therein, each of the plurality of graphene flakes having a lateral dimension and a thickness. The composition further comprises a reinforcement material dispersed in the thermoset resin. At least about 90% of the plurality of graphene flakes are oriented such that the lateral dimension is within about 10 degrees of a parallel alignment with a horizontal plane. In some embodiments, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the plurality of graphene flakes are oriented such that the lateral dimension is within about 10 degrees of a parallel alignment with the horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the reinforcement material can include at least one of a plurality of fibers or a plurality of beads.
B29C 70/06 - Façonnage de matières composites, c.-à-d. de matières plastiques comprenant des renforcements, des matières de remplissage ou des parties préformées, p. ex. des inserts comprenant uniquement des renforcements, p. ex. matières plastiques auto-renforçantes des renforcements fibreux uniquement
14.
SHEET MOLDING COMPOUND REINFORCED WITH GRAPHENE FLAKES, AND METHODS OF PRODUCING THE SAME
Embodiments described herein can include a composition comprising a thermoset resin with a plurality of graphene flakes dispersed therein, each of the plurality of graphene flakes having a lateral dimension and a thickness. The composition further comprises a reinforcement material dispersed in the thermoset resin. At least about 90% of the plurality of graphene flakes are oriented such that the lateral dimension is within about 10 degrees of a parallel alignment with a horizontal plane. In some embodiments, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the plurality of graphene flakes are oriented such that the lateral dimension is within about 10 degrees of a parallel alignment with the horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the reinforcement material can include at least one of a plurality of fibers or a plurality of beads.
C08K 13/04 - Ingrédients caractérisés par leur forme et ingrédients organiques ou inorganiques
C08J 3/20 - Formation de mélanges de polymères avec des additifs, p. ex. coloration
B29C 70/02 - Façonnage de matières composites, c.-à-d. de matières plastiques comprenant des renforcements, des matières de remplissage ou des parties préformées, p. ex. des inserts comprenant des combinaisons de renforcements et de matières de remplissage dans une matrice, formant une ou plusieurs couches, avec ou sans couches non renforcées ou non remplies
15.
MODIFIED GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE NANOPLATELET FOR ANTI-CORROSION COATINGS
A graphene-based zinc containing coating is provided to prevent or slow down the corrosion of steel. The graphene-based materials are selected from a group of modified single-layer graphene, double-layer graphene, few layer graphene, graphene nanoplatelet, doped graphene, and a combination thereof. The modified graphene-based materials in zinc-containing paints or coatings act as a barrier to prevent or slow down the diffusion of corrosive species to the steel surface to be protected. For such a purpose, the graphene has a high aspect ratio and good structural integrity, especially a lack of defects on the basal plane of the graphene.
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.
C30B 29/60 - Monocristaux ou matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée caractérisés par leurs matériaux ou par leur forme caractérisés par la forme
C30B 29/64 - Cristaux plats, p. ex. plaques, bandes ou pastilles
C30B 33/00 - Post-traitement des monocristaux ou des matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée
C30B 33/04 - Post-traitement des monocristaux ou des matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée en utilisant des champs électriques ou magnétiques ou des rayonnements corpusculaires
Embodiments described herein relate generally to large scale synthesis of thinned graphite and in particular, few layers of graphene sheets and graphene-graphite composites. In some embodiments, a method for producing thinned crystalline graphite from precursor crystalline graphite using wet ball milling processes is disclosed herein. The method includes transferring crystalline graphite into a ball milling vessel that includes a grinding media. A first and a second solvent are transferred into the ball milling vessel and the ball milling vessel is rotated to cause the shearing of layers of the crystalline graphite to produce thinned crystalline graphite.
H01B 1/04 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement soit de compositions à base de carbone-silicium, soit de carbone soit de silicium
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.
C30B 29/60 - Monocristaux ou matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée caractérisés par leurs matériaux ou par leur forme caractérisés par la forme
C30B 29/64 - Cristaux plats, p. ex. plaques, bandes ou pastilles
C30B 33/04 - Post-traitement des monocristaux ou des matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée en utilisant des champs électriques ou magnétiques ou des rayonnements corpusculaires
Processes and materials are provided for use in Si-based anodes that can improve or extend the cycle life of a battery while also lowering production costs. A composite material design is provided as a porous silicon-graphene-carbon (SiGC) composite particle that is a composed of submicron silicon wrapped with graphene, particulate, flexible conductive additives, and an outer conductive shell or coating made for the purpose of acting as anode material in an electrochemical cell (battery). The tailored composite particle addresses common failure modes to improve cycling performance of silicon by combining multiple mitigation strategies; incorporating intimate graphene coatings to accommodate expansion and protect from solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation; porosity to accommodate expansion; flexible conductive additives to maintain contact during expansion/retraction of the silicon particles and protect the surface from SEI formation; an outer protective shell to hold the composite material together during expansion/retraction; and submicron silicon to prevent pulverization during expansion/retraction.
H01M 4/38 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs d'éléments simples ou d'alliages
H01M 4/587 - Matériau carboné, p. ex. composés au graphite d'intercalation ou CFx pour insérer ou intercaler des métaux légers
H01M 4/62 - Emploi de substances spécifiées inactives comme ingrédients pour les masses actives, p. ex. liants, charges
H01M 10/0525 - Batteries du type "rocking chair" ou "fauteuil à bascule", p. ex. batteries à insertion ou intercalation de lithium dans les deux électrodesBatteries à l'ion lithium
Embodiments described herein relate to non-oxidized graphene-based anti-viral surfaces, and methods of producing the same. In some embodiments, a method of forming an anti-viral surface can include mixing a non-oxidized edge-functionalized graphene with a catalyst and a thermoset material to form a mixture, applying a high-shear mixing process to the mixture to form a mixed liquid, and coating the mixed liquid onto a base surface to form the anti-viral surface. In some embodiments, the method can further include chemically treating the graphene to produce the non-oxidized edge-functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, the thermoset material can include a thermoset matrix. In some embodiments, the method can include dispersing the non-oxidized edge-functionalized graphene into the thermoset matrix via the high-shear mixing. In some embodiments, dispersing the non-oxidized edge-functionalized graphene into the thermoset matrix can be via a ball mill, a high-shear mixer, and/or a homogenizer.
Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for manufacturing a master batch with a graphitic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing the master batch can include combining the graphitic material with a polymer, adding a supercritical fluid to the mixture, and depressurizing the supercritical fluid to remove the supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the graphitic material and the polymer for a first time period to form a first mixture and transferring the supercritical fluid to the first mixture to form a second mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the second mixture for a second time period and depressurizing the second mixture to allow the supercritical fluid to transition to a gas phase.
B29C 48/00 - Moulage par extrusion, c.-à-d. en exprimant la matière à mouler dans une matrice ou une filière qui lui donne la forme désiréeAppareils à cet effet
B29C 48/40 - Moyens pour plastifier ou homogénéiser la matière à mouler ou pour la forcer dans la filière ou la matrice utilisant des vis entourées par un fourreau coopérant, p. ex. des extrudeuses à vis simple utilisant au moins deux vis parallèles, p. ex. extrudeuses à vis doubles
B29B 9/10 - Fabrication de granulés par moulage de matière, c.-à-d. par traitement en état de fusion
B29C 43/00 - Moulage par pressage, c.-à-d. en appliquant une pression externe pour faire couler la matière à moulerAppareils à cet effet
B29C 45/00 - Moulage par injection, c.-à-d. en forçant un volume déterminé de matière à mouler par une buse d'injection dans un moule ferméAppareils à cet effet
C08L 57/00 - Compositions contenant des polymères non spécifiés obtenus par des réactions ne faisant intervenir que des liaisons non saturées carbone-carbone
22.
Method of exfoliating and dispersing a graphitic material into polymer matrices using supercritical fluids
Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for manufacturing a master batch with a graphitic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing the master batch can include combining the graphitic material with a polymer, adding a supercritical fluid to the mixture, and depressurizing the supercritical fluid to remove the supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the graphitic material and the polymer for a first time period to form a first mixture and transferring the supercritical fluid to the first mixture to form a second mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the second mixture for a second time period and depressurizing the second mixture to allow the supercritical fluid to transition to a gas phase.
B29C 48/00 - Moulage par extrusion, c.-à-d. en exprimant la matière à mouler dans une matrice ou une filière qui lui donne la forme désiréeAppareils à cet effet
B29C 48/40 - Moyens pour plastifier ou homogénéiser la matière à mouler ou pour la forcer dans la filière ou la matrice utilisant des vis entourées par un fourreau coopérant, p. ex. des extrudeuses à vis simple utilisant au moins deux vis parallèles, p. ex. extrudeuses à vis doubles
B29B 9/10 - Fabrication de granulés par moulage de matière, c.-à-d. par traitement en état de fusion
B29C 43/00 - Moulage par pressage, c.-à-d. en appliquant une pression externe pour faire couler la matière à moulerAppareils à cet effet
B29C 45/00 - Moulage par injection, c.-à-d. en forçant un volume déterminé de matière à mouler par une buse d'injection dans un moule ferméAppareils à cet effet
C08L 57/00 - Compositions contenant des polymères non spécifiés obtenus par des réactions ne faisant intervenir que des liaisons non saturées carbone-carbone
23.
Large scale production of thinned graphite, graphene, and graphite-graphene composites
Embodiments described herein relate generally to large scale synthesis of thinned graphite and in particular, few layers of graphene sheets and graphene-graphite composites. In some embodiments, a method for producing thinned crystalline graphite from precursor crystalline graphite using wet ball milling processes is disclosed herein. The method includes transferring crystalline graphite into a ball milling vessel that includes a grinding media. A first and a second solvent are transferred into the ball milling vessel and the ball milling vessel is rotated to cause the shearing of layers of the crystalline graphite to produce thinned crystalline graphite.
H01B 1/04 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement soit de compositions à base de carbone-silicium, soit de carbone soit de silicium
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for manufacturing a master batch with a graphitic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing the master batch can include combining the graphitic material with a polymer, adding a supercritical fluid to the mixture, and depressurizing the supercritical fluid to remove the supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the graphitic material and the polymer for a first time period to form a first mixture and transferring the supercritical fluid to the first mixture to form a second mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the second mixture for a second time period and depressurizing the second mixture to allow the supercritical fluid to transition to a gas phase.
A surface coating for the surface of lead-grids for lead-acid batteries wherein the coating comprises a resin, a material selected from the group consisting of i. graphene and ii. graphene nanoplatelets.
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.
C30B 29/60 - Monocristaux ou matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée caractérisés par leurs matériaux ou par leur forme caractérisés par la forme
C30B 29/64 - Cristaux plats, p. ex. plaques, bandes ou pastilles
C30B 33/04 - Post-traitement des monocristaux ou des matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée en utilisant des champs électriques ou magnétiques ou des rayonnements corpusculaires
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the production of graphene/polymer compounds. In some embodiments, a method for producing graphene/polymer compounds includes compounding graphene nanoflakes with non-conductive polymer hosts via electrospray coating techniques, taking advantage of the highly electrostatically chargeable properties of graphene to de-agglomerate and further exfoliate the graphene nanoflakes in-situ, and providing uniform and well-dispersed graphene nanoflake coating on various non-conductive polymer hosts, such as polymer fine particles, pellets, fibers, fabrics, non-woven, film, and formed articles. In some embodiments, the deposition of the graphene nanoflakes onto the hosts may be performed in combination with other components, such as but not limited to metal oxides and polymers. The method can be a batch or a continuous process, and is suitable for large scale production of graphene coated materials such as graphene/polymer compound, which can be further processed by, for example, extrusion, compression molding, or injection molding, to yield formed articles.
C09D 7/80 - Procédés pour l'incorporation d'ingrédients
B05D 1/04 - Procédés pour appliquer des liquides ou d'autres matériaux fluides aux surfaces réalisés par pulvérisation comportant l'emploi d'un champ électrostatique
B05D 1/06 - Application de matériaux en particules
B05D 7/02 - Procédés, autres que le flocage, spécialement adaptés pour appliquer des liquides ou d'autres matériaux fluides, à des surfaces particulières, ou pour appliquer des liquides ou d'autres matériaux fluides particuliers à des substances macromoléculaires, p. ex. à du caoutchouc
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the production of graphene/polymer compounds. In some embodiments, a method for producing graphene/polymer compounds includes compounding graphene nanoflakes with non-conductive polymer hosts via electrospray coating techniques, taking advantage of the highly electrostatically chargeable properties of graphene to de-agglomerate and further exfoliate the graphene nanoflakes in-situ, and providing uniform and well-dispersed graphene nanoflake coating on various non-conductive polymer hosts, such as polymer fine particles, pellets, fibers, fabrics, non-woven, film, and formed articles. In some embodiments, the deposition of the graphene nanoflakes onto the hosts may be performed in combination with other components, such as but not limited to metal oxides and polymers. The method can be a batch or a continuous process, and is suitable for large scale production of graphene coated materials such as graphene/polymer compound, which can be further processed by, for example, extrusion, compression molding, or injection molding, to yield formed articles.
A device for producing exfoliated graphite from graphite flakes, intercalated graphite, or expanded graphite by means of microwave heating using single mode microwave cavities, a method of producing such materials and products from such methods.
The development and manufacture of thermal interface materials including, among other forms, greases, pastes, gels, adhesives, pads, sheets, solders and phase change materials, with good through-plane thermal conductivity for thermal interface applications. The good through-plane thermal conductivity is achieved through the formation of a conductive network by the use of thermal conductive material-coated fillers, combinations of thermal conductive material-coated fillers and uncoated fillers.
H05K 7/20 - Modifications en vue de faciliter la réfrigération, l'aération ou le chauffage
A61B 5/103 - Dispositifs de mesure pour le contrôle de la forme, du dessin, de la dimension ou du mouvement du corps ou de parties de celui-ci, à des fins de diagnostic
A61B 5/00 - Mesure servant à établir un diagnostic Identification des individus
A61B 3/11 - Appareils pour l'examen optique des yeuxAppareils pour l'examen clinique des yeux du type à mesure objective, c.-à-d. instruments pour l'examen des yeux indépendamment des perceptions ou des réactions du patient pour mesurer la distance interpupillaire ou le diamètre de la pupille
A61B 5/11 - Mesure du mouvement du corps entier ou de parties de celui-ci, p. ex. tremblement de la tête ou des mains ou mobilité d'un membre
A61B 3/00 - Appareils pour l'examen optique des yeuxAppareils pour l'examen clinique des yeux
A61B 3/14 - Dispositions spécialement adaptées à la photographie de l'œil
F28F 19/02 - Prévention de la formation de dépôts ou de la corrosion, p. ex. en utilisant des filtres en utilisant des revêtements, p. ex. des revêtements vitreux ou émaillés
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
F28F 3/00 - Éléments en forme de plaques ou de laminésEnsembles d'éléments en forme de plaques ou de laminés
B32B 15/08 - Produits stratifiés composés essentiellement de métal comprenant un métal comme seul composant ou comme composant principal d'une couche adjacente à une autre couche d'une substance spécifique de résine synthétique
F28F 13/18 - Dispositions pour modifier le transfert de chaleur, p. ex. accroissement, diminution par application de revêtements, p. ex. absorbant les radiations ou les réfléchissantDispositions pour modifier le transfert de chaleur, p. ex. accroissement, diminution par application d'un traitement de surface, p. ex. un polissage
F28F 13/00 - Dispositions pour modifier le transfert de chaleur, p. ex. accroissement, diminution
32.
Large scale production of thinned graphite, graphene, and graphite-graphene composites
Embodiments described herein relate generally to large scale synthesis of thinned graphite and in particular, few layers of graphene sheets and graphene-graphite composites. In some embodiments, a method for producing thinned crystalline graphite from precursor crystalline graphite using wet ball milling processes is disclosed herein. The method includes transferring crystalline graphite into a ball milling vessel that includes a grinding media. A first and a second solvent are transferred into the ball milling vessel and the ball milling vessel is rotated to cause the shearing of layers of the crystalline graphite to produce thinned crystalline graphite.
C09K 5/14 - Substances solides, p. ex. pulvérulentes ou granuleuses
H01B 1/04 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement soit de compositions à base de carbone-silicium, soit de carbone soit de silicium
C09D 1/00 - Compositions de revêtement, p. ex. peintures, vernis ou vernis-laques, à base de substances inorganiques
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.
C30B 29/64 - Cristaux plats, p. ex. plaques, bandes ou pastilles
C30B 33/00 - Post-traitement des monocristaux ou des matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée
C30B 33/04 - Post-traitement des monocristaux ou des matériaux polycristallins homogènes de structure déterminée en utilisant des champs électriques ou magnétiques ou des rayonnements corpusculaires
B82Y 40/00 - Fabrication ou traitement des nanostructures
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
Graphene platelet nano composites with metal or metal oxides. The coated and composited particles are useful as electrodes and for electrical applications.
C23C 24/00 - Revêtement à partir de poudres inorganiques
C23C 8/00 - Diffusion à l'état solide uniquement d'éléments non métalliques dans la couche superficielle de matériaux métalliquesTraitement chimique de surface par réaction entre le matériau métallique de la surface et un gaz réactif, laissant dans le revêtement des produits de la réaction, p. ex. revêtement de conversion, passivation des métaux
C09D 1/00 - Compositions de revêtement, p. ex. peintures, vernis ou vernis-laques, à base de substances inorganiques
H01B 1/04 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement soit de compositions à base de carbone-silicium, soit de carbone soit de silicium
H01M 4/36 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs
A cam assembly having a solid cylindrical with a near end and a distal end and an opening extending from the near end through the distal end, wherein the opening is circular in configuration and has an inset, the near end is configured at a slight angle of less than about 15° from the vertical, and the opening extending from the near end through the distal end is angled through the cam assembly, the opening beginning at the near end and near a bottom edge of the solid cylinder and terminating through the distal end near a top edge of the solid cylinder.
F16H 37/06 - Combinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction à plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésCombinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
B02C 17/18 - Désagrégation au tonneau, c.-à-d. par des appareils constitués par une cuve où les produits à désagréger sont chargés, avec ou sans éléments particuliers de désagrégation tels que billes ou boulets Parties constitutives
B02C 17/14 - Appareils dans lesquels le contenu à broyer est renversé par des mouvements de la cuve autres qu'une rotation, p. ex. par oscillation, vibration, basculement
F16H 1/20 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés
F16H 1/22 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésTransmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
B01F 11/00 - Mélangeurs avec mécanismes à secousses, oscillants ou vibrants
36.
Large scale production of thinned graphite, graphene, and graphite-graphene composites
Embodiments described herein relate generally to large scale synthesis of thinned graphite and in particular, few layers of graphene sheets and graphene-graphite composites. In some embodiments, a method for producing thinned crystalline graphite from precursor crystalline graphite using wet ball milling processes is a disclosed herein. The method includes transferring crystalline graphite into a ball milling vessel that includes a grinding media. A first and a second solvent are transferred into the ball milling vessel and the ball milling vessel is rotated to cause the shearing of layers of the crystalline graphite to produce thinned crystalline graphite.
H01B 1/04 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement soit de compositions à base de carbone-silicium, soit de carbone soit de silicium
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
B82Y 40/00 - Fabrication ou traitement des nanostructures
Apparatus and system of components to mechanically exfoliate particulate materials using a multi-axis approach to deliver predetermined forces to a particulate material, including containers to hold particulate material and media, also including media, and, the associated parameters for operating such equipment along with methods and compositions provided by the apparatus and methods.
B02C 17/18 - Désagrégation au tonneau, c.-à-d. par des appareils constitués par une cuve où les produits à désagréger sont chargés, avec ou sans éléments particuliers de désagrégation tels que billes ou boulets Parties constitutives
B02C 17/14 - Appareils dans lesquels le contenu à broyer est renversé par des mouvements de la cuve autres qu'une rotation, p. ex. par oscillation, vibration, basculement
B82Y 40/00 - Fabrication ou traitement des nanostructures
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
F16H 53/02 - Cames simples pour cycles de fonctionnement à une seule révolutionArbres à cames pour de telles cames
F16H 53/00 - Cames ou galets suiveurs de cames, p. ex. rouleaux pour mécanismes de transmission
F16H 37/06 - Combinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction à plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésCombinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
F16H 1/22 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésTransmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
F16H 1/20 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés
Apparatus and system of components to mechanically exfoliate particulate materials using a multi-axis approach to deliver predetermined forces to a particulate material, including containers to hold particulate material and media, also including media, and, the associated parameters for operating such equipment along with methods and compositions provided by the apparatus and methods.
F16H 53/02 - Cames simples pour cycles de fonctionnement à une seule révolutionArbres à cames pour de telles cames
F16H 53/00 - Cames ou galets suiveurs de cames, p. ex. rouleaux pour mécanismes de transmission
F16H 37/06 - Combinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction à plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésCombinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
B02C 17/18 - Désagrégation au tonneau, c.-à-d. par des appareils constitués par une cuve où les produits à désagréger sont chargés, avec ou sans éléments particuliers de désagrégation tels que billes ou boulets Parties constitutives
B02C 17/14 - Appareils dans lesquels le contenu à broyer est renversé par des mouvements de la cuve autres qu'une rotation, p. ex. par oscillation, vibration, basculement
F16H 1/22 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésTransmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
F16H 1/20 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés
A carrier assembly for canisters of a mechanical exfoliation apparatus, the carrier assembly including a hub having an external surface and an open center therethrough with an internal surface, at least two bearings mounted on the internal surface of the hub, and a canister cradle integrally extending from the external surface of the hub.
F16H 1/20 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés
F16H 1/22 - Transmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésTransmissions à engrenages pour transmettre un mouvement rotatif sans engrenages à mouvement orbital comportant plus de deux organes engrenés avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
B02C 17/14 - Appareils dans lesquels le contenu à broyer est renversé par des mouvements de la cuve autres qu'une rotation, p. ex. par oscillation, vibration, basculement
B02C 17/18 - Désagrégation au tonneau, c.-à-d. par des appareils constitués par une cuve où les produits à désagréger sont chargés, avec ou sans éléments particuliers de désagrégation tels que billes ou boulets Parties constitutives
F16H 37/06 - Combinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction à plusieurs arbres d’entraînement ou entraînésCombinaisons de transmissions mécaniques non prévues dans les groupes comportant essentiellement et uniquement des transmissions à engrenages ou à friction avec dispositions pour répartir le couple entre plusieurs arbres intermédiaires
F16H 53/00 - Cames ou galets suiveurs de cames, p. ex. rouleaux pour mécanismes de transmission
F16H 53/02 - Cames simples pour cycles de fonctionnement à une seule révolutionArbres à cames pour de telles cames
An apparatus and a method for dispersing particulate materials prone to agglomeration, in a liquid. Particulate materials are exposed to a liquid and put into that liquid to form a suspension or a dispersion in a controlled method thereby minimizing agglomerates. The method uses mechanical/hydro mixing that prevents the physical deterioration of the particulate material and inhibits agglomeration of the particles. In many cases, these materials may be nanomaterials. Almost all particulate materials, can be handled in this manner. This method has been found to be especially useful for preparing solutions of exfoliated graphene and certain drugs.
H01G 11/36 - Nanostructures, p. ex. nanofibres, nanotubes ou fullerènes
H01G 11/24 - Électrodes caractérisées par les propriétés structurelles des matériaux composant les électrodes ou inclus dans les électrodes, p. ex. forme, surface ou porositéÉlectrodes caractérisées par les propriétés structurelles des poudres ou particules utilisées à cet effet
H01G 11/86 - Procédés de fabrication de condensateurs hybrides ou EDL ou de leurs composants spécialement adaptés pour les électrodes
H01G 11/38 - Pâtes ou mélanges de carboneLiants ou additifs
H01G 11/28 - Électrodes caractérisées par leur structure, p. ex. multicouches, selon la porosité ou les caractéristiques de surface agencées ou disposées sur un collecteur de courantCouches ou phases entre les électrodes et les collecteurs de courant, p. ex. adhésifs
H01G 11/68 - Collecteurs de courant caractérisés par leur matériau
B82Y 99/00 - Matière non prévue dans les autres groupes de la présente sous-classe
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
42.
Silicon-graphene nanocomposites for electrochemical applications
A nanographitic composite for use as an anode in a lithium ion battery includes nanoscale particles of an electroactive material; and a plurality of graphene nanoplatelets having a thickness of 0.34 nm to 5 nm and lateral dimensions of less than 900 nm, wherein the electroactive particle has an average particle size that is larger than the average lateral dimension of the graphene nanoplatelets, and the graphene nanoplatelets coat at least a portion of the nanoscale particles to form a porous nanographitic layer made up of overlapping graphene nanoplatelets.
H01M 4/38 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs d'éléments simples ou d'alliages
H01M 4/60 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs de composés organiques
H01B 1/02 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement de métaux ou d'alliages
H01B 1/04 - Conducteurs ou corps conducteurs caractérisés par les matériaux conducteurs utilisésEmploi de matériaux spécifiés comme conducteurs composés principalement soit de compositions à base de carbone-silicium, soit de carbone soit de silicium
H01M 4/62 - Emploi de substances spécifiées inactives comme ingrédients pour les masses actives, p. ex. liants, charges
H01M 4/134 - Électrodes à base de métaux, de Si ou d'alliages
C09D 1/00 - Compositions de revêtement, p. ex. peintures, vernis ou vernis-laques, à base de substances inorganiques
H01M 4/36 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs
C09D 7/61 - Adjuvants non macromoléculaires inorganiques
B82Y 30/00 - Nanotechnologie pour matériaux ou science des surfaces, p. ex. nanocomposites
B82Y 40/00 - Fabrication ou traitement des nanostructures
H01G 11/36 - Nanostructures, p. ex. nanofibres, nanotubes ou fullerènes
H01G 11/50 - Électrodes caractérisées par leur matériau spécialement adaptées aux condensateurs lithium-ion, p. ex. pour doper le lithium ou pour intercalation
01 - Produits chimiques destinés à l'industrie, aux sciences ainsi qu'à l'agriculture
36 - Services financiers, assurances et affaires immobilières
42 - Services scientifiques, technologiques et industriels, recherche et conception
Produits et services
(1) Graphene and graphene oxide; single and multiple layer graphene; magnetic graphene; magnetic graphene oxide; doped graphene; doped graphene oxide (1) Scientific research and development services in connection with Graphene and graphene oxide; single and multiple layer graphene; magnetic graphene; magnetic graphene oxide; doped graphene; doped graphene oxide; investing services for others, namely, investing in the commodity of Graphene and graphene oxide; single and multiple layer graphene; magnetic graphene; magnetic graphene oxide; doped graphene; doped graphene oxide
44.
Single mode microwave device for producing exfoliated graphite
A device for producing exfoliated graphite from graphite flakes, intercalated graphite, or expanded graphite by means of microwave heating using single mode microwave cavities, a method of producing such materials and products from such methods.
H01M 4/1395 - Procédés de fabrication d’électrodes à base de métaux, de Si ou d'alliages
H01M 4/36 - Emploi de substances spécifiées comme matériaux actifs, masses actives, liquides actifs
H01M 4/62 - Emploi de substances spécifiées inactives comme ingrédients pour les masses actives, p. ex. liants, charges
H01M 4/70 - Supports ou collecteurs caractérisés par la forme ou la configuration
H01M 10/0525 - Batteries du type "rocking chair" ou "fauteuil à bascule", p. ex. batteries à insertion ou intercalation de lithium dans les deux électrodesBatteries à l'ion lithium
46.
METHODS OF EXFOLIATING AND DISPERSING A GRAPHITIC MATERIAL INTO POLYMER MATRICES USING SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for manufacturing a master batch with a graphitic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In some embodiments, a method for manufacturing the master batch can include combining the graphitic material with a polymer, adding a supercritical fluid to the mixture, and depressurizing the supercritical fluid to remove the supercritical fluid. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the graphitic material and the polymer for a first time period to form a first mixture and transferring the supercritical fluid to the first mixture to form a second mixture. In some embodiments, the method includes mixing the second mixture for a second time period and depressurizing the second mixture to allow the supercritical fluid to transition to a gas phase.
Embodiments described herein relate to electrodes containing yolk-sell electroactive materials. In some aspects, an anode can include a carbon shell having an outer surface and an inner volume, the carbon shell including a plurality of pinholes on the outer surface. The anode particle is disposed in the inner volume of the carbon shell, such that a portion of the inner volume includes a void space. The anode further includes a plurality of graphene flakes disposed on the outer surface of the carbon shell, the plurality of graphene flakes covering at least a portion of the pinholes. In some embodiments, at least about 50% of the inner volume of the carbon shell can include void space. In some embodiments, the plurality of graphene flakes can cover at least about 90% of the pinholes.
Embodiments described herein can include a composition comprising a thermoset resin with a plurality of graphene flakes dispersed therein, each of the plurality of graphene flakes having a lateral dimension and a thickness. The composition further comprises a reinforcement material dispersed in the thermoset resin. At least about 90% of the plurality of graphene flakes are oriented such that the lateral dimension is within about 10 degrees of a parallel alignment with a horizontal plane. In some embodiments, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the plurality of graphene flakes are oriented such that the lateral dimension is within about 10 degrees of a parallel alignment with the horizontal plane. In some embodiments, the reinforcement material can include at least one of a plurality of fibers or a plurality of beads.
B29C 70/06 - Façonnage de matières composites, c.-à-d. de matières plastiques comprenant des renforcements, des matières de remplissage ou des parties préformées, p. ex. des inserts comprenant uniquement des renforcements, p. ex. matières plastiques auto-renforçantes des renforcements fibreux uniquement
49.
LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF THINNED GRAPHITE, GRAPHENE, AND GRAPHITE-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES
Embodiments described herein relate generally to large scale synthesis of thinned graphite and in particular, few layers of graphene sheets and graphene-graphite composites. In some embodiments, a method for producing thinned crystalline graphite from precursor crystalline graphite using wet ball milling processes is disclosed herein. The method includes transferring crystalline graphite into a ball milling vessel that includes a grinding media. A first and a second solvent are transferred into the ball milling vessel and the ball milling vessel is rotated to cause the shearing of layers of the crystalline graphite to produce thinned crystalline graphite.
Embodiments described herein relate generally to the large scale production of functionalized graphene. In some embodiments, a method for producing functionalized graphene includes combining a crystalline graphite with a first electrolyte solution that includes at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, an oxidizer, and a surfactant. The crystalline graphite is then milled in the presence of the first electrolyte solution for a first time period to produce a thinned intermediate material. The thinned intermediate material is combined with a second electrolyte solution that includes a strong oxidizer and at least one of a metal hydroxide salt, a weak oxidizer, and a surfactant. The thinned intermediate material is then milled in the presence of the second electrolyte solution for a second time period to produce functionalized graphene.
