Abrégé

The invention relates to a measuring device for measuring a flow rate of an electrically conducting medium in a volume which is permeated by a magnetic field, comprising a device for producing the magnetic field, at least one resistor, at least two electrodes, the at least two electrodes being electrically interconnected via the at least one resistor, and an evaluation unit for evaluating the measurement signal of the electrodes measured in parallel to the at least one resistor, and for calculating the flow rate.

Classes IPC  ?

• G01F 1/60 - Circuits appropriés

Abrégé

The invention relates to a composition, which has improved properties in particular as a flameproofing agent, and use of the composition as a flameproofing agent in particular for plastics, for example in form of injection-molded parts, films, coatings, foams, fibers, cables, and pipes.

Classes IPC  ?

• C08K 5/00 - Emploi d'ingrédients organiques
• C09K 21/12 - Substances organiques contenant du phosphore
• C08K 5/5399 - Phosphore lié à l'azote

Abrégé

The invention describes a composition having improved characteristics, more particularly as a flame retardant, and use thereof as a flame retardant, more particularly for synthetic materials, in the form of injection moulded parts, films, coatings, foams, fibres, cables and pipes, for example.

Classes IPC  ?

• C08K 5/00 - Emploi d'ingrédients organiques
• C09K 21/12 - Substances organiques contenant du phosphore
• C08K 5/5399 - Phosphore lié à l'azote

Abrégé

The invention relates to a measuring apparatus for measuring the flow velocity of an electrically conductive medium in a volume permeated by a magnetic field, having a means for producing the magnetic field, at least two electrodes and an evaluation unit which evaluates a signal from the electrodes and calculates the flow velocity, wherein the at least two electrodes are connected to a switch which is designed to short-circuit the electrodes.

Classes IPC  ?

• G01F 1/60 - Circuits appropriés

Abrégé

The invention relates to a measurement device for measuring the flow velocity of an electrically conductive medium in a volume which is permeated by a magnetic field, having - a means for generating the magnetic field, - at least two electrodes, and - an evaluation unit which evaluates a signal of the electrodes and calculates the flow velocity, the at least two electrodes being connected to a switch which is designed to short-circuit the electrodes.

Classes IPC  ?

• G01F 1/60 - Circuits appropriés

Abrégé

The invention relates to a measuring device (1) for measuring the flow rate of a medium (5) flowing through a measuring tube (3). The measuring device (1) comprises means for generating a constant magnetic field (B) perpendicular to the flow direction (v) of the medium (5), at least two decoupling regions (7, 7') which are disposed in a plane (E) perpendicular to the flow direction (v) of the medium (5) on the wall (9) of the measuring tube (3), wherein each decoupling region (7, 7') comprises an electrode (13, 13'), which has a non-metal porous layer (11) on the side facing the medium (5), and a measuring unit (19) for detecting a measurement signal. The measuring device (1) is characterized in that the porous layer (11, 11') comprises an oxidic and/or non-oxidic ceramic material.

Classes IPC  ?

• G01F 1/58 - Mesure du débit volumétrique ou du débit massique d'un fluide ou d'un matériau solide fluent, dans laquelle le fluide passe à travers un compteur par un écoulement continu en utilisant des effets électriques ou magnétiques par débitmètres électromagnétiques
• G01F 1/60 - Circuits appropriés

Abrégé

The invention relates to cured chunky meat product, in particular boiled ham. The meat product is characterized in that, compared to a natural content of folic acid, a salt of the folic acid and/or a derivative of these substances, the meat product has a higher content of these substances, in particular between 3 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg meat product.

Classes IPC  ?

• A22C 9/00 - Appareils à attendrir la viande, p. ex. le jambon

Abrégé

A description is given of halogen-free compounds of the general formula A-(B)3 where A is represented by the formula (I) or (II) (formula) and B, independently at each occurrence, is a group -OPR1R2R3R4, a group -OPOR1R2, a group -OTiR1R2R3, a group -OAlR1R2, a group -OCaR1 or a group -OMgR1, where R1, R2, R3 and R4 are alike or different and are hydrogen, alkyl radicals, aryl radicals, alkyloxy radicals, aryloxy radicals, it being possible for the radicals in each case to contain Si, N, S and/or O atoms, and/or are hydroxyl groups, and oligomeric or polymeric forms derived therefrom in the event that A is represented by the formula (I), with the exception of the combination of A of formula (I) with B as the group -OPOR1R2, where R1 and R2 each represent an alkyloxy radical. A description is additionally given of a useful process for preparing these halogen-free compounds. Also disclosed, moreover, is the use of these compounds as flame retardants, in plastics, for example; because they do not contain halogen, it is not possible for the toxic gas hydrogen chloride to be given off, disadvantageously, in the event of fire. The inhibiting effect is retained even at comparatively high temperatures, by virtue of the particular stability of these halogen-free compounds.

Classes IPC  ?

• C07F 5/06 - Composés de l'aluminium
• C07F 9/32 - Leurs esters
• C07F 9/6521 - Cycles à six chaînons
• C07F 9/6561 - Composés hétérocycliques, p. ex. contenant du phosphore comme hétéro-atome du cycle contenant des systèmes de plusieurs hétérocycles déterminants condensés entre eux ou condensés avec un carbocycle ou un système carbocyclique commun, avec ou sans autres hétérocycles non condensés
• C07F 3/02 - Composés du magnésium
• C07F 3/04 - Composés du calcium
• C07F 7/00 - Composés contenant des éléments des groupes 4 ou 14 du tableau périodique
• C07F 9/535 - Organo-phosphoranes

Abrégé

The invention relates to a method for producing a cross-coupling product of a benzenoid dizonium salt according to the general formula (I), wherein the groups R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 represent hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, acetyl, and/or diazo groups independently of each, and X represents BF4, Cl, F, SO3CH3, CO2CH3, PF6, ClO2CH3, or CIO4, comprising the following steps: (a) providing a benzenoid amide, which with the exception of the diazo function has the same substituents R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 as the benzenoid diazonium salt of the general formula (I), and hydrolytically cleaving the amide to form an amine or providing a corresponding amine, (b) diazotizing the amine thus obtained or provided with a nitrite, and (c) subsequently reacting the benzenoid diazonium salt with a coupling partner in the presence of a catalyst to form a cross-coupling product, wherein the coupling parter is represented by the general formula (II), R6, R7, and R8 are the same or different and represent hydrogen, carboxyalkyl groups, carboxyaryl groups, alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, wherein the groups can each contain Si, N, S, O, and or halogen atoms, or R6 and R7 with the double bound form an aromatic ring, which can be provided with R8 and one to four further substituents, independently of each other, selected from the group comprising a straight-chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyl group, a (C3-C7) cycloalkyl group, a straight-chain or branched (C1-C6) alkenyl group, a straight-chain or branched (C1-C6) alkyoxy group, halogen, the hydroxy group, an amino, di(C1-C6) alkylamino, nitro, acetyl, cyan, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, 4-nitrobenzyl, phenyl, and 4-methoxyphenyl group and represents Y = H, -B(OR)2, -SnR3, -ZnR, -SiR3, or Mg (halogen), and wherein at least the steps (b) and (c) are performed without intermediate isolation of an intermediate product. According to said method, cross-couplings can be performed more simply and with improved yield without the hydroxyl group in aromatic reactants containing hydroxyl groups having to be provided with a protective group.

Classes IPC  ?

• C07C 245/20 - Composés diazonium
• C07C 37/14 - Préparation de composés comportant des groupes hydroxyle ou O-métal liés à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons par des réactions augmentant le nombre d'atomes de carbone par des réactions d'addition, c.-à-d. par des réactions faisant intervenir au moins une liaison carbone-carbone non saturée
• C07C 39/15 - Composés comportant au moins un groupe hydroxyle ou O-métal lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons polycycliques sans autre insaturation que celle des cycles aromatiques tous les groupes hydroxyle étant liés à des cycles non condensés
• C07C 39/19 - Composés comportant au moins un groupe hydroxyle ou O-métal lié à un atome de carbone d'un cycle aromatique à six chaînons monocycliques avec une insaturation autre que celle du cycle aromatique contenant des liaisons doubles carbone-carbone sans liaison triple carbone-carbone

Abrégé

The invention relates to a method for obtaining cellulose by separating lignin from a biomass comprising lignocellulose in the form of plants or plant parts, wherein the biomass comprising lignocellulose is solubilized in a boiler in an alkaline medium comprising alkanol amine, and dissolved lignin is separated from the resulting raw cellulose. Said method is characterized in that the biomass comprising lignocellulose is not from a wood source, and is solubilized at a temperature of less than approximately 170°C in a solubilizing agent based on alkanol amine and water, wherein the weight ratio of alkanol amine to water is set to 80:20 to 20:80, and raw cellulose thus produced is separated from the waste lye using a typical method. Said method is particularly advantageous for obtaining cellulose from annual plants, particularly wheat straw. The method is advantageously improved in that the solubilization takes place in the presence of a catalyst, particularly of anthrachinon. An advantageous bleaching process may be performed subsequently. Said method is characterized by great economic efficiency, particularly due to the high reclamation rates of the alkanol amine used, and leads to lower environmental impact in wastewater, and to reduced disposal costs. The design of the method leads to a greater yield of cellulose and largely prevents degradation of alkanol amine, particularly monoethanol amine (MEA).

Classes IPC  ?

• D21C 3/20 - Réduction en pâte des matières contenant de la cellulose avec des solvants organiques
• D21C 3/22 - Autres caractéristiques des procédés de réduction en pâte

Abrégé

The invention relates to a method for producing aryl-heteroatom bridged compounds by converting a halogen-substituted aromatic compound with a trialkylsilyl-substituted organic compound comprising heteroatoms.

Classes IPC  ?

• C07D 207/08 - Composés hétérocycliques contenant des cycles à cinq chaînons, non condensés avec d'autres cycles, ne comportant qu'un atome d'azote comme unique hétéro-atome du cycle avec uniquement des atomes d'hydrogène ou de carbone liés directement à l'atome d'azote du cycle ne comportant pas de liaison double entre chaînons cycliques ou entre chaînons cycliques et chaînons non cycliques avec des radicaux hydrocarbonés, substitués par des hétéro-atomes, liés aux atomes de carbone du cycle
• C07D 231/12 - Composés hétérocycliques contenant des cycles diazole-1, 2 ou diazole-1, 2 hydrogéné non condensés avec d'autres cycles comportant deux ou trois liaisons doubles entre chaînons cycliques ou entre chaînons cycliques et chaînons non cycliques avec uniquement des atomes d'hydrogène, des radicaux hydrocarbonés ou des radicaux hydrocarbonés substitués, liés directement aux atomes de carbone du cycle

Abrégé

The invention relates to a method for producing a thin layer photovoltaic system (2) having a flat metal chalcogenide compound semiconductor layer (7) as an absorber for sunlight and a metal layer (8) applied to the metal chalcogenide compound semiconductor layer (7), wherein the metal chalcogenide compound semiconductor layer (7) and the metal layer (8) form a Schottky contact on their contact surface. The technical solution described according to the invention is characterized in that the metal chalcogenide compound semiconductor layer (7) is produced by applying a dispersion comprising nano-scale particles having a diameter of approx. 3 to 30 nm to a transparent substrate material (12), wherein the layer thickness of the metal chalcogenide compound semiconductor layer (7) applied to the substrate material equals approx. 150 nm to approx. 2500 nm.

Classes IPC  ?

• H01L 31/032 - Matériaux inorganiques comprenant, à part les matériaux de dopage ou autres impuretés, uniquement des composés non couverts par les groupes
• H01L 31/0392 - Dispositifs à semi-conducteurs sensibles aux rayons infrarouges, à la lumière, au rayonnement électromagnétique d'ondes plus courtes, ou au rayonnement corpusculaire, et spécialement adaptés, soit comme convertisseurs de l'énergie dudit rayonnement e; Procédés ou appareils spécialement adaptés à la fabrication ou au traitement de ces dispositifs ou de leurs parties constitutives; Leurs détails caractérisés par leurs corps semi-conducteurs caractérisés par leur structure cristalline ou par l'orientation particulière des plans cristallins comprenant des films minces déposés sur des substrats métalliques ou isolants
• H01L 31/048 - Encapsulation de modules
• H01L 31/07 - Dispositifs à semi-conducteurs sensibles aux rayons infrarouges, à la lumière, au rayonnement électromagnétique d'ondes plus courtes, ou au rayonnement corpusculaire, et spécialement adaptés, soit comme convertisseurs de l'énergie dudit rayonnement e; Procédés ou appareils spécialement adaptés à la fabrication ou au traitement de ces dispositifs ou de leurs parties constitutives; Leurs détails adaptés comme dispositifs de conversion photovoltaïque [PV] caractérisés par au moins une barrière de potentiel ou une barrière de surface les barrières de potentiel étant uniquement du type Schottky
• H01L 27/142 - Dispositifs de conversion d'énergie
• H01L 31/18 - Procédés ou appareils spécialement adaptés à la fabrication ou au traitement de ces dispositifs ou de leurs parties constitutives

Abrégé

Solar absorber (1) comprising at least one solar thermal absorber (2) and also at least one solar cell layer system (3) applied thereto and comprising a first layer (10) and a second layer (11) which is directly contact-connected to the first layer (10), wherein the second layer (11) is applied in planar fashion to the solar thermal absorber (2) either directly or indirectly.

Classes IPC  ?

• H01L 31/058 - comprenant des moyens pour utiliser l'énergie thermique, p.ex. systèmes hybrides, ou une source additionnelle d'énergie électrique

Abrégé

Disclosed is a method for separating nitrogen oxides (NOx) from a gas stream containing epoxy. Said method is characterized in that nitrogen oxides (NOx) are separated using gas-liquid sorption and/or gas-solid sorption.

Classes IPC  ?

• B01D 53/02 - Séparation de gaz ou de vapeursRécupération de vapeurs de solvants volatils dans les gazÉpuration chimique ou biologique des gaz résiduaires, p. ex. gaz d'échappement des moteurs à combustion, fumées, vapeurs, gaz de combustion ou aérosols par adsorption, p. ex. chromatographie préparatoire en phase gazeuse
• B01D 53/14 - Séparation de gaz ou de vapeursRécupération de vapeurs de solvants volatils dans les gazÉpuration chimique ou biologique des gaz résiduaires, p. ex. gaz d'échappement des moteurs à combustion, fumées, vapeurs, gaz de combustion ou aérosols par absorption
• B01D 53/56 - Oxydes d'azote
• C07D 301/32 - SéparationPurification

Abrégé

The invention relates to a method for producing bioethanol by separating out lignin from a crushed lignocellulosic biomass and obtaining cellulose and optionally hemicellulose and further processing the cellulose or mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose into sugar and then into bioethanol. Said method is characterized in that the crushed lignocellulosic biomass is treated with an alkanolamine for extracting the lignin contained therein, the solution of the lignin is separated out, and the resulting remainder comprising cellulose/hemicellulose is converted into sugars without drying, and the sugars are fermented into bioethanol. The raw cellulose material (cellulose/hemicellulose) can easily be converted into sugar due to the great reactivity thereof, and said sugar can be fermented into bioethanol.

Classes IPC  ?

• C12P 7/10 - Éthanol en tant que produit chimique et non en tant que boisson alcoolique préparé comme sous-produit, ou préparé à partir d'un substrat constitué par des déchets ou par des matières cellulosiques d'un substrat constitué par des matières cellulosiques

Abrégé

The invention relates to an economic single-stage process for producing epoxides by oxidation of olefins in a homogeneous gas-phase reaction by reacting the olefin in a flow reactor with a gas mixture of ozone and NO2 and/or NO as oxidant without using a catalyst, wherein ozone and NO2 and/or NO are mixed in a mixing chamber which is provided upstream of the flow reactor, which is characterized in that the olefin is reacted with the gas mixture of the oxidant in the reaction zone of the flow reactor at a reaction temperature of about 150°C to about 450°C and at a pressure of 250 mbar to 10 bar, wherein the olefin-containing carrier gas stream is heated in a preheating zone of the flow reactor to a temperature of 250°C to 650°C, the gas mixture of the oxidant from the mixing chamber is added under turbulent conditions at ambient temperature to the olefin in the reaction zone of the flow reactor, in such a manner that the reaction temperature is achieved on mixing and the ratio between olefin gas stream and gas stream of the oxidant is from 5:1 to 1:1.

Classes IPC  ?

• C07D 301/12 - Synthèse du cycle de l'oxirane par oxydation de composés non saturés, ou de mélanges de composés non saturés et de composés saturés par le peroxyde d'hydrogène ou par des peroxydes ou peracides inorganiques

Abrégé

The invention relates to a method for measuring the mean flow velocity of an electrically conductive medium while applying a magnetic field to the measurement volume put through and decoupling an electric signal induced in the measurement volume, wherein the fluctuating part of the electric signal, which is based on stochastic fluctuations of the flow velocity due to turbulent motion, is captured as a time-dependent wanted signal, and that by the weighted integration of the wanted signal the mean flow velocity over predefined time intervals is determined.

Classes IPC  ?

• G01F 1/60 - Circuits appropriés

Abrégé

A process is described for preparing aromatic diazonium salts, wherein the starting compound is an aromatic amide and the amide bond is first split hydrolytically and the amine compound thus obtained is diazotized with an inorganic nitrite salt. The diazonium salts thus obtained can be converted to stable salts and then serve as starting materials for further reactions, such as the Heck reaction.

Classes IPC  ?

• C07C 245/20 - Composés diazonium

Abrégé

Disclosed is a laser comprising a thin polymer dye layer as an active medium. Said layer is placed in a sandwich structure between two CD blanks or DVD blanks, whereby a laser disk (LD) is created. The inventive laser comprises a folded laser resonator and is pumped by a continuous-wave pump light source (PL). The laser disk is tilted at the Brewster angle towards the optical axis of the laser resonator. The laser disk is rotated quickly with the aid of a motor (M) in order to convey all unwanted photoproducts of the dyes as well as dyes that are in long-lived, inactive states out of the inversion volume of the active medium so as to maintain the laser activity, thus allowing the laser to be operated in a continuous-wave mode. The disclosed laser is configured as a continuous-wave solid-state dye laser which can be continuously adjusted across a wide range by means of a double-refractive crystal (BRF).

Classes IPC  ?

• H01S 3/0947 - Procédés ou appareils pour l'excitation, p. ex. pompage utilisant le pompage optique par de la lumière cohérente produite par un laser à colorant organique
• H01S 3/16 - Matériaux solides
• H01S 3/06 - Structure ou forme du milieu actif
• H01S 3/081 - Structure ou forme des résonateurs optiques ou de leurs composants comprenant trois réflecteurs ou plus
• H01S 3/094 - Procédés ou appareils pour l'excitation, p. ex. pompage utilisant le pompage optique par de la lumière cohérente
• H01S 3/17 - Matériaux solides amorphes, p. ex. verre