Abrégé

A method for decontaminating refinery equipment. In one embodiment, the method comprises injecting a chemistry into a feed line of a refinery system unit at a low-pressure region via reciprocating drum pumps, wherein the low-pressure region is upstream of a reactor circuit of the refinery system unit. Further the method comprises allowing the chemistry to flow as a liquid through the feed line of the refinery system unit to be joined by a hydrogen stream that takes up, vaporizes, and carries the chemistry to the reactor circuit to thereby remove contaminants from equipment in the reactor circuit.

Classes IPC  ?

• B08B 9/032 - Nettoyage des surfaces intérieuresÉlimination des bouchons par l'action mécanique d'un fluide en mouvement, p. ex. par effet de chasse d'eau
• B01J 38/10 - Traitement avec un gaz ou une vapeurTraitement avec des liquides vaporisables au contact du catalyseur épuisé avec de l'hydrogène élémentaire
• B01J 38/58 - Traitement par un liquide ou traitement en phase liquide, p. ex. en solution ou en suspension avec des liquides organiques et en y ajoutant un gaz
• B08B 9/08 - Nettoyage de récipients, p. ex. de réservoirs
• B01J 29/90 - Régénération ou réactivation
• B08B 5/00 - Nettoyage par des procédés impliquant l'utilisation d'un courant d'air ou de gaz

Abrégé

A method for removing hydrogen sulfide from a hydrocarbon. The method comprises introducing methylmorpholine-N-oxide to a vessel, wherein the vessel comprises the hydrocarbon, and wherein the hydrocarbon comprises hydrogen sulfide; and treating the hydrocarbon by allowing the methylmorpholine-N-oxide to react with the hydrogen sulfide.

Classes IPC  ?

• C10G 29/20 - Composés organiques ne renfermant pas d'atomes métalliques
• E21B 43/38 - Aménagements pour séparer les matériaux produits par le puits dans le puits

Abrégé

A method of equipment decontamination may include: introducing a cleaning stream comprising hydrogen and a solvent comprising a fatty acid methyl ester and an oxygenated solvent, or alternatively comprising a carrier fluid and a hydrocarbon solvent, into the equipment; and introducing a stream comprising nitrogen into the equipment, wherein the equipment comprises deposits and other contaminants.

Classes IPC  ?

• B01J 38/52 - Traitement par un liquide ou traitement en phase liquide, p. ex. en solution ou en suspension avec des liquides organiques contenant de l'oxygène

Abrégé

A method for decontaminating industrial facility equipment while the equipment remains in operation (i.e., on-line decontamination). In one embodiment, the method comprises reducing the total volumetric flowrate, injecting a decontamination composition into the industrial equipment at an injection point while the industrial equipment remains in operation, wherein the decontamination composition comprises a solvent composition and a carrier fluid, allowing the decontamination composition to come in contact with any contaminant material disposed on the industrial equipment, wherein the contact removes the contaminant material from the industrial equipment, and managing the contaminant material removed from the industrial equipment.

Classes IPC  ?

• C10G 45/02 - Raffinage des huiles d'hydrocarbures au moyen d'hydrogène ou de composés donneurs d'hydrogène pour éliminer des hétéro-atomes sans modifier le squelette de l'hydrocarbure mis en œuvre et sans craquage en hydrocarbures à point d'ébullition inférieurHydrofinissage
• C10G 7/00 - Distillation des huiles d'hydrocarbures
• C10G 75/04 - Inhibition de la corrosion ou des salissures dans des appareils de traitement ou de conversion des huiles d'hydrocarbures, en général par addition d'agents antisalissures

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for dissolving and disaggregating hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, oligomers, and the like, or any combinations thereof; Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns, and other industrial equipment. Personnel placement, namely, providing trained workers and material to properly manage and work the cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns, and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, heat exchanger, vacuum tower, distillation column, and reactor cleaning services; Installation, cleaning, repair and maintenance of solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, oligomers; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding contamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns. Engineering design services for solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems; consultancy regarding engineering design services for solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems.

Produits et services

(1) Chemicals for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for dissolving and disaggregating hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, and oligomers, namely, solvent-based compositions comprising one or more of a fatty acid methyl ester, namely, methyl soyate and an oxygenated solvent, namely, glycol and dipropylene glycol (2) Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns and manufacturing, separation, and purification equipment for oil, gas and chemical products (1) Personnel placement, namely, providing trained workers to properly manage and work the cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns, and other industrial equipment (2) Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, heat exchanger, vacuum tower, distillation column, and reactor cleaning services (3) Chemical treatment services, namely, chemicals for dissolving and disaggregating hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, oligomers; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding contamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns (4) Engineering solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems; management of solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems; consultancy regarding engineering solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems

Produits et services

(1) Chemicals for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for dissolving and disaggregating hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, and oligomers, namely, solvent-based compositions comprising one or more of a fatty acid methyl ester, namely, methyl soyate and an oxygenated solvent, namely, glycol and dipropylene glycol. (2) Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns and manufacturing, separation, and purification equipment for oil, gas and chemical products (1) Personnel placement, namely, providing trained workers to properly manage and work the cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns, and other industrial equipment (2) Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, heat exchanger, vacuum tower, distillation column, and reactor cleaning services (3) Chemical treatment services, namely, chemicals for dissolving and disaggregating hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, oligomers; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding contamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns (4) Engineering solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems; management of solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems; consultancy regarding engineering solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for dissolving and disaggregating hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, oligomers, and the like, or any combinations thereof; Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, solvent-based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns, and other industrial equipment. Personnel placement, namely, providing trained workers and material to properly manage and work the cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, distillation columns, and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, heat exchanger, vacuum tower, distillation column, and reactor cleaning services; Installation, cleaning, repair and maintenance of solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, combustible gas, coke, oligomers; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding contamination of reactors, vessels, tanks, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, piping, and distillation columns. Engineering design services for solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems; consultancy regarding engineering design services for solvent-based cleaning and decontamination systems.

Abrégé

A method, system and composition decontaminate a vessel. In an embodiment, a solvent composition for decontamination includes an amine oxide, polydimethylsiloxane, and water.

Classes IPC  ?

• C11D 3/00 - Autres composés entrant dans les compositions détergentes couvertes par le groupe
• C11D 3/04 - Composés inorganiques solubles dans l'eau
• C11D 3/395 - Agents de blanchiment

Abrégé

A method and composition for removing contaminant material from industrial equipment are disclosed herein. The method includes providing a solvent composition having methyl soyate, an aprotic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide, an additional solvent, and a cationic surfactant. The method also includes contacting the contaminant material with the solvent composition and allowing the solvent composition to react with the contaminant material such that at least a portion of the contaminant material is no longer attached to the industrial equipment.

Classes IPC  ?

• C11D 1/62 - Composés d'ammonium quaternaire
• C11D 3/43 - Solvants

Abrégé

A method for treating sulfur contaminants is provided. The method comprises introducing a methylmorpholine-N-oxide solution to a vessel, wherein the vessel comprises a water layer and a gas layer, wherein the water layer and the gas layer comprise the hydrogen sulfide; introducing methylmorpholine-N-oxide into the water layer; and treating the water layer by allowing the methylmorpholine-N-oxide to react with the hydrogen sulfide.

Classes IPC  ?

• B01D 53/52 - Sulfure d'hydrogène

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use; non-petroleum based compositions for removing contaminants; non-petroleum based compositions for dissolving hydrocarbons and polymers; water rinseable and vegetable oil-based solvents for hydrocarbons and polymers; polymers for industrial use; hydrosoluble polymers. Cleaning preparations for industrial use; non-petroleum based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment; maintenance of tanks, vessels, piping, vacuum towers, heat exchangers, distillation columns; decontamination and cleaning services. Treatment of materials using chemicals; treatment of asphalt, heavy asphaltenic materials, hydrogen deficient carbonaceous materials, coke, tar, heavy oil deposits, hydrocarbon sludge and lube oil; decontamination of industrial equipment; decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, reactors and distillation columns; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment; consultancy regarding decontamination of tanks, vessels and piping; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment; consultancy regarding decontamination of vacuum towers, heat exchangers, and distillation columns.

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for treating benzene, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons. Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor cleaning services. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors.

Abrégé

A method and composition for removing contaminant material from industrial equipment are disclosed herein. The method includes providing a solvent composition having methyl soyate, N-methylpyrrolidinone, an additional solvent, and a cationic surfactant. The method also includes contacting the contaminant material with the solvent composition and allowing the solvent composition to react with the contaminant material such that at least a portion of the contaminant material is no longer attached to the industrial equipment.

Classes IPC  ?

• C11D 3/44 - Solvants en mélange
• C11D 1/62 - Composés d'ammonium quaternaire
• C11D 7/50 - Solvants

Produits et services

(1) Chemicals for industrial use, namely, chemicals for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, chemicals for treating benzene, chemicals for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons, chemicals for de-oiling solids, chemicals for liberating volatile organic compounds, chemicals for absorption of hydrocarbon vapors into liquids, chemicals for degassing of industrial equipment, chemicals for use in odor control, enzyme and surfactant based chemical compositions, chemicals for neutralizing contaminants, namely, ammonia; chemical additives, namely, additives for refinery solvents, additives for hydrocarbon solvents, and additives for petrochemical solvents; chemical compositions and chemical solvent additives for industrial use for degassing of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment; cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, chemical cleaners and solvent additives for cleaning and decontaminating tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. (1) Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor cleaning services; consultancy regarding industrial equipment maintenance; consultancy regarding environmental remediation, namely, consultancy regarding waste disposal; cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, Consultancy regarding cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding treatment of chemicals, gas, and waste materials; consultancy regarding environmental remediation, namely, consultancy regarding soil, waste and water treatment services; chemical and mechanical engineering; consulting in the field of chemical and mechanical engineering.

Produits et services

(1) Chemicals for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for treating benzene, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons; cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. (1) Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor decontamination and cleaning services; treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors.

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for treating benzene, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons. Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor decontamination and cleaning services. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors.

Abrégé

A method and system treat contaminated water, in one embodiment, the method comprises treating contaminated water by introducing a methylmorphoiine-N-oxide solution to a vessel. The vessel contains the contaminated water and iron oxide. The contaminated water comprises contaminants, in addition, the methyltnorpholine-N-oxide solution comprises methylmoipholine-N-oxide and water. The method further comprises contacting the methylmorpholine-N-oxide solution with the contaminated water. In addition, the method comprises treating the contaminated water by allowing the roethylmorphoiine-N-oxide to react with the contaminants in the presence of the iron oxide.

Classes IPC  ?

• C02F 1/72 - Traitement de l'eau, des eaux résiduaires ou des eaux d'égout par oxydation

Abrégé

A method and system remove hydrogen sulfide from a hydrocarbon containing fluid. In an embodiment, the method for removing hydrogen sulfide from a hydrocarbon containing fluid includes contacting a methylmorpholine-N-oxide solution with the hydrocarbon containing fluid. The method also includes allowing the methylmorpholine-N-oxide to react with the hydrogen sulfide to remove the hydrogen sulfide.

Classes IPC  ?

• C01G 33/00 - Composés du niobium
• C01G 17/00 - Composés du germanium

Produits et services

(1) Chemicals for industrial use, namely, chemicals for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, chemicals for treating benzene, chemicals for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons, chemicals for de-oiling solids from tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment, chemicals for liberating volatile organic compounds, chemicals for absorption of hydrocarbon vapors into liquids, chemicals for degassing of industrial equipment, chemicals for use in odor control, enzyme and surfactant based chemical compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment, chemicals for neutralizing contaminants, namely, ammonia; chemical additives, namely, additives for refinery solvents, additives for hydrocarbon solvents, and additives for petrochemical solvents; chemical compositions and chemical solvent additives for industrial use for degassing of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment; Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, chemical cleaners and solvent additives for cleaning and decontaminating tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. (1) Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor cleaning services; consultancy regarding industrial equipment maintenance; consultancy regarding environmental remediation, namely, consultancy regarding waste disposal; cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding decontamination of industrial equipment, namely, consultancy regarding decontamination of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding treatment of chemicals, gas, and waste materials; consultancy regarding environmental remediation, namely, consultancy regarding soil, waste and water treatment services; Engineering services in the field of consultancy, namely, engineering of industrial facilities and equipment, interface with planners, operations, process engineering and supervisors, on-site walk down of equipment and piping, integration of decontamination procedures into plant procedures, calculation of waste volumes for disposal, pre-job identification of chemical injection points.

Produits et services

(1) Chemicals for industrial use, namely, chemicals for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, chemicals for treating benzene, chemicals for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons, chemicals for dissolving and removing heavy oils and tar from industrial equipment, chemicals for liberating volatile organic compounds, chemicals for absorption of hydrocarbon vapors into liquids, chemicals for degassing of industrial equipment, chemicals for use in odor control, chemical compounds having enzymes and surfactants for the decontamination of hydrocarbon processing, chemicals for neutralizing contaminants, namely, ammonia; chemical additives, namely, additives for refinery solvents, additives for hydrocarbon solvents, and additives for petrochemical solvents; Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, chemical compositions and solvent additives for cleaning, decontaminating, and degassing of tanks, vessels, reactors, and piping (1) Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor decontamination and cleaning services; consultancy in the field of facility turnarounds, industrial maintenance, and environmental remediation; Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination and cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination and cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; Engineering services in the field of chemical facilities, petrochemical facilities, refineries, and wastewater treatment facilities; Consultancy regarding engineering activities in the field of chemical facilities, petrochemical facilities, refineries, and wastewater treatment facilities; Consultancy in the field of decontamination and cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination and cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; Consultancy in the field of treatment of chemicals, gas, and waste materials

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, chemicals for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, chemicals for treating benzene, chemicals for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons, chemicals for de-oiling solids, chemicals for liberating volatile organic compounds, chemicals for absorption of hydrocarbon vapors into liquids, chemicals for degassing of industrial equipment, chemicals for use in odor control, enzyme and surfactant based compositions, chemicals for neutralizing contaminants, namely, ammonia; chemical additives, namely, additives for refinery solvents, additives for hydrocarbon solvents, and additives for petrochemical solvents. Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, chemical compositions and solvent additives for cleaning, decontaminating, and degassing of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor decontamination and cleaning services; consultancy regarding facility turnarounds, industrial maintenance, and environmental remediation. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination and cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination and cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors. Engineering services; consultancy regarding engineering activity; consultancy regarding decontamination and cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination and cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors; consultancy regarding treatment of chemicals, gas, and waste materials.

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, enzyme based compositions for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, enzyme based compositions for treating contaminants in industrial applications, namely, treatment of benzene and hydrocarbons; water soluble chemical compositions for industrial use. Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, enzyme based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor decontamination and cleaning services. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination and cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination and cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors. Consultancy regarding cleaning and decontamination of industrial equipment.

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, non-petroleum based compositions for removing contaminants, non-petroleum based compositions for dissolving hydrocarbons, asphaltenes, and polymers; water rinseable and vegetable oil-based solvents for hydrocarbons and polymers. Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, non-petroleum based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping, heat exchangers, fractionation columns and other industrial equipment.

Produits et services

Chemicals for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for oxidizing sulfides and pyrophorics, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for treating benzene, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for emulsifying and demulsifying hydrocarbons. Cleaning preparations for industrial use, namely, enzyme and surfactant based compositions for cleaning and decontamination of tanks, vessels, reactors, piping and other industrial equipment. Maintenance of industrial equipment, namely, tank, vessel, piping, and reactor decontamination and cleaning services. Treatment of materials, namely, treatment of sulfides, hydrocarbons, pyrophorics, and benzene; decontamination and cleaning of industrial equipment, namely, decontamination and cleaning of tanks, vessels, piping, and reactors. Consultancy regarding cleaning and decontamination of industrial equipment.