A pre-processing electrodialysis process for adjusting the proportion of constituents of mixed salt electrolytes for the production of various chemicals, or for facilitating precipitation through passing the feed through an electrodialysis cell operated with a relatively small salinity step increase, resulting in changed proportionality of constituent anions and cations in the dilute product or the concentrate product.
A pre-processing electrodialysis process for adjusting the proportion of constituents of mixed salt electrolytes for the production of various chemicals, or for facilitating precipitation through passing the feed through an electrodialysis cell operated with a relatively small salinity step increase, resulting in changed proportionality of constituent anions and cations in the dilute product or the concentrate product.
An improved spacer for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks can provide close contact between the spacer mesh and its adjacent ion exchange membranes, reducing the water flow cross-section through the cell. This in turn can lead to higher flow velocities and increased flow turbulence between ion exchange membranes, thereby reducing membrane polarization effects and increasing the limiting current density. The improved spacer can be combined with a voluminous spacer gasket for receiving a volume of electroactive media, the voluminous spacer gasket comprising an outer gasket edge having an open central area for receiving the electroactive media, and holes on the top and bottom of the outer gasket edge whose dimensions match the holes on the spacer.
An improved spacer for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks can provide close contact between the spacer mesh and its adjacent ion exchange membranes, reducing the water flow cross-section through the cell. This in turn can lead to higher flow velocities and increased flow turbulence between ion exchange membranes, thereby reducing membrane polarization effects and increasing the limiting current density. The improved spacer can be combined with a voluminous spacer gasket for receiving a volume of electroactive media, the voluminous spacer gasket comprising an outer gasket edge having an open central area for receiving the electroactive media, and holes on the top and bottom of the outer gasket edge whose dimensions match the holes on the spacer.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
Non-gas emitting electrodes having a very high surface area, high electric capacitance, and low electric resistance are integrated with silver and/or silver chloride for use in electrodialysis/electrodeionization cells, or in any other system requiring the generation of electric fields through electrolyte solutions, and are capable generating an electric field for extensive periods of time without generation of gases, and without the occurrence of electrode reactions. Each electrode is highly porous and highly conductive, such as a carbon aerogel electrode, and thus has a very large internal surface area, which is coated, deposited, or otherwise covered with silver and/or silver chloride. This combination supercapacitor and pseudocapacitor electrode can sustain electrode reactions for longer periods of time, and at much higher current densities, as compared to conventional (solid) silver/silver chloride electrodes.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
C23C 18/08 - Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coatingContact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of metallic material
H01G 11/86 - Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
An improved spacer and a process for the manufacture thereof for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks. The spacer can provide reduced leakage and improved sealing between stack compartments, as well as reduced output product loss and reduced energy consumption per unit volume of output product.
An improved spacer and a process for the manufacture thereof for use in electrodialysis and electrodeionization stacks. The spacer can provide reduced leakage and improved sealing between stack compartments, as well as reduced output product loss and reduced energy consumption per unit volume of output product.
C02F 1/461 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
8.
Non-gas-emitting electrodes for use in electrodialysis and electrodionization desalination systems
Non-gas emitting electrodes having a very high surface area, high electric capacitance, and low electric resistance are integrated with silver and/or silver chloride for use in electrodialysis/electrodeionization cells, or in any other system requiring the generation of electric fields through electrolyte solutions, and are capable of generating an electric field for extensive periods of time without generation of gases, and without the occurrence of water splitting electrode reactions. Each electrode is highly porous and highly conductive, such as a carbon aerogel electrode, and thus has a very large internal surface area, which is infused with silver and/or silver chloride. This combination supercapacitor and pseudocapacitor electrode can sustain electrode reactions for longer periods of time, and at much higher current densities, as compared to conventional (solid) silver/silver chloride electrodes.
B01D 61/48 - Apparatus therefor having one or more compartments filled with ion-exchange material
C23C 18/08 - Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coatingContact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of metallic material
C25D 3/46 - ElectroplatingBaths therefor from solutions of silver
C25D 7/00 - Electroplating characterised by the article coated
9.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH RECOVERY IN ELECTRODIALYSIS AND ELECTRODEIONIZATION SYSTEMS
Electrodeionization and electrodialysis systems which eliminate or substantially prevent the feed water from entering the concentrating compartments, for improving the recovery of product water as well as improving the current efficiency. Electro-osmotically generated flows of water entering from the diluting compartments of the stack constitutes the majority of concentrate feed, leading to the production of high purity, desalinated waters in the diluting compartments and highly concentrate solutions in the concentrate compartments.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
10.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR HIGH RECOVERY IN ELECTRODIALYSIS AND ELECTRODEIONIZATION SYSTEMS
Electrodeionization and electrodialysis systems which eliminate or substantially prevent the feed water from entering the concentrating compartments, for improving the recovery of product water as well as improving the current efficiency. Electro-osmotically generated flows of water entering from the diluting compartments of the stack constitutes the majority of concentrate feed, leading to the production of high purity, desalinated waters in the diluting compartments and highly concentrate solutions in the concentrate compartments.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
A device and process for the separate removal of oppositely charged ions from electrolyte solutions and recombining them to form new chemical compositions. The invention provides the ability to create multiple ion flow channels and then form new chemical compositions therefrom. The process is accomplished by selectively combining oppositely charged ions of choice from different electrolyte solutions via the capacitive behavior of high electrical capacitance electrodes confined in insulated containers. Industrial plants employing the inventive process can have the flexibility to produce needed industrial chemical compounds such as Soda Ash, Caustic Soda, hydrochloric acid and chlorine gas, based on market demand, and can be located near points of consumption to significantly reduce transportation costs.
C25B 9/23 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodesAssemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
C25B 9/70 - Assemblies comprising two or more cells
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
12.
CAPACITIVE ELECTROKINETIC DEWATERING OF SUSPENSIONS
Capacitive electrokinetic densification, decontamination and dewatering of suspensions and soils can be performed while controlling and/or preventing chemical and pH changes in the densified material and extracted water. High electrical capacitance electrodes or Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) electrodes are used which can operate without redox reactions occurring on their surfaces until their developed voltage reaches the standard electrode potential of the electrode. Water-retaining, flexible covers for the EDLC electrodes have drainage and filtering capabilities and are made of a fabric which allows the passage of ions, water and electricity therethrough and facilitate continuous electrical contact between the EDLC electrode and the surrounding suspension.
C02F 1/46 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
13.
PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR OSMOTIC FLOW CONTROL IN ELECTRODIALYSIS SYSTEMS
An electrodialysis process and apparatus is presented for improving the current efficiency of salty water desalination. The process includes reducing the osmotic and the electro-osmotic flow of water from diluate compartments to concentrate compartments, and between electrode compartments and adjacent compartments, by confinement and hydraulic isolation of their contents in constant volume compartments, so that the tendency of waters entering from diluate compartments to concentrate compartments leads to pressure buildup in the concentrate compartments, reducing the transfer of product desalinated water to the concentrate waste.
An electrodialysis process and apparatus is presented for improving the current efficiency of salty water desalination. The process includes reducing the osmotic and the electro-osmotic flow of water from diluate compartments to concentrate compartments, and between electrode compartments and adjacent compartments, by confinement and hydraulic isolation of their contents in constant volume compartments, so that the tendency of waters entering from diluate compartments to concentrate compartments leads to pressure buildup in the concentrate compartments, reducing the transfer of product desalinated water to the concentrate waste.
B01D 69/00 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
15.
Process and apparatus for osmotic flow control in electrodialysis systems
An electrodialysis process and apparatus is presented for improving the current efficiency of salty water desalination. The process includes reducing the osmotic and the electro-osmotic flow of water from diluate compartments to concentrate compartments, and between electrode compartments and adjacent compartments, by confinement and hydraulic isolation of their contents in constant volume compartments, so that the tendency of waters entering from diluate compartments to concentrate compartments leads to pressure buildup in the concentrate compartments, reducing the transfer of product desalinated water to the concentrate waste.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
A device and process are disclosed for the separate removal of oppositely charged ions from electrolyte solutions and recombining them to form new chemical compositions. The invention provides the ability to create multiple ion flow channels and then form new chemical compositions therefrom. The process is accomplished by selectively combining oppositely charged ions of choice from different electrolyte solutions via the capacitive behavior of high electrical capacitance electrodes confined in insulated containers.
B01D 57/00 - Separation, other than separation of solids, not fully covered by a single other group or subclass, e.g.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
A device and process are disclosed for the separate removal of oppositely charged ions from electrolyte solutions and recombining them to form new chemical compositions. The invention provides the ability to create multiple ion flow channels and then form new chemical compositions therefrom. The process is accomplished by selectively combining oppositely charged ions of choice from different electrolyte solutions via the capacitive behavior of high electrical capacitance electrodes confined in insulated containers.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
An apparatus and process for electrophoretic and electro-osmotic densification, decontamination and dewatering of suspensions includes the use of high electrical capacitance electrodes for capacitive generation of electric fields. Polarity reversals between the capacitor electrodes prevent faradic electrolysis and corrosion reactions at the electrodes, and water wettable, flexible linings for the electrodes, having drainage and filtering capabilities, can also be used as interceptor drains positioned adjacent and in full electric contact with the electrodes, as well as within the suspension as flow path dividers.
An apparatus and process for electrophoretic and electro-osmotic densification, decontamination and dewatering of suspensions includes the use of high electrical capacitance electrodes for capacitive generation of electric fields. Polarity reversals between the capacitor electrodes prevent faradic electrolysis and corrosion reactions at the electrodes, and water wettable, flexible linings for the electrodes, having drainage and filtering capabilities, can also be used as interceptor drains positioned adjacent and in full electric contact with the electrodes, as well as within the suspension as flow path dividers.
A device and method for penetrating the Coulomb barrier is disclosed, An electrode is positioned within a hollow shell, the shell enclosing an inner space containing a fusion reactive fuel such as deuterium. The inner space with the fuel is coaxially centered about the electrode, and a confinement layer made of a high dielectric strength material is located at the outer edge of the inner space, on the inside surface of the spherical shell. A high voltage power source charges the electrode, which causes a tightly packed fusion fuel nucleus cloud such as a deuteron cloud to form on the inner face of the confinement layer, facilitating coulomb barrier penetration. Using the device of the invention, conditions can also be created which enable Coulomb barrier penetration by firing nuclei towards the cloud of nuclei by applying high voltage pulses to the electrode.
A device and process are disclosed for the separate removal of oppositely charged ions from electrolyte solutions and recombining them to form new chemical compositions. The invention provides the ability to create multiple ion flow channels and then form new chemical compositions therefrom. The process is accomplished by selectively combining oppositely charged ions of choice from different electrolyte solutions via the capacitive behavior of high electrical capacity electrodes confined in insulated containers.
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
22.
APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR SEPARATION AND SELECTIVE RECOMPOSITION OF IONS
A device and process are disclosed for the separate removal of oppositely charged ions from electrolyte solutions and recombining them to form new chemical compositions. The invention provides the ability to create multiple ion flow channels and then form new chemical compositions therefrom. The process is accomplished by selectively combining oppositely charged ions of choice from different electrolyte solutions via the capacitive behavior of high electrical capacity electrodes confined in insulated containers.
patents
