A UE transmits a first message including a request to establish communication based on a first communication session type and a first set of one or more session attributes associated with the first message. The UE receives a second message including an indication that the request to establish communication using the first communication session type is rejected. After receiving the second message, the UE removes from use, a retransmission of the first communication session type and the first set of one or more session attributes for establishing communication, and transmits a third message including a request for communication based on a second communication session type and a second set of one or more session attributes, associated with the third message. A combination of the first communication session type and the first set, is not identical to a second combination including the second communication session type and the second set.
Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for positioning measurement calibration are provided. One method may include obtaining calibration information of a positioning measurement, and transmitting the positioning measurement and the calibration information to a network node. The calibration information may include an indication of whether the positioning measurement is calibrated.
According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus configured to perform the following. The apparatus receives a service announcement of a multicast broadcast service. The service announcement comprises either at least one frequency selection area identity, FSAI, and at least one indication indicating that the at least one FSAI is defined for reduced capability terminal devices or at least one frequency and at least one indication indicating that the at least one frequency is defined for reduced capability terminal devices. The apparatus performs a cell reselection process based on cell measurements and the service announcement.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses, and computer readable storage media of access resource selection for Small Data Transmission (SDT). The method comprises determining one or more resources used for a mobile terminated type SDT procedure; and performing the mobile terminated type SDT procedure to a second device based on the determined one or more resources. In this way, separate resources can be configured for mobile originated SDT (MO-SDT) and mobile terminated SDT (MT-SDT). It is beneficial considering the MO-SDT and MT-SDT might have different assumption/thresholds of UL data available for transmission and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) threshold, hence impact the network response or further scheduling.
Techniques described herein provide for compression of machine learning models without significant loss in model accuracy and without requiring model re-training. Compressed machine learning models may then be deployed by resource-constrained devices to improve operational efficiency and throughput. An example method includes providing input data for one or more deep learning tasks to a machine learning model having a plurality of neuronal units. The neuronal units are associated with respective parameters. The method further includes determination of respective confidence scores for the plurality of neuronal units responsive to the input data. A confidence score represents a contribution, significant, or impact of a neuronal unit with respect to the overall model output. The method further includes generating a compressed machine learning model based at least in part on removing a subset of neuronal units according to their respective confidence scores and redistributing their parameters to another subset of neuronal units.
Methods, computer program products, and apparatuses are provided for enabling a user equipment (UE) to connect to the wireless access network that support non-seamless wireless local area network (WLAN) offload (NSWO), such as using the UE's fifth generation (5G) credentials. An apparatus may include a processor and a memory storing computer program code configured to cause the apparatus to request, by the UE, a wireless connection to a network entity; receive, by the UE, from the network entity, an identity request; and in response to the identity request, cause transmission, by the UE, an identity response including a UE identifier to the network entity such that the UE is configured to establish a security context with the network entity upon successful authentication using the UE identifier.
There is inter alia disclosed an apparatus for spatial audio encoding configured to: determine an error of fit measure (408) between a plurality of spatial direction component values (402) from a plurality of audio frames and a curve fitted (405) to a data set comprising the plurality of spatial direction component values; compare the error of fit measure to a threshold value; and depending on the comparison, either use a method of non-prediction for generating at least one spatial direction component value for each remaining audio frame of the interval of audio frames, or use a method of prediction for generating the at least one spatial direction component (406) value for each remaining audio frame of the interval of audio frames.
G10L 19/008 - Multichannel audio signal coding or decoding using interchannel correlation to reduce redundancy, e.g. joint-stereo, intensity-coding or matrixing
G10L 19/032 - Quantisation or dequantisation of spectral components
The disclosure relates to an apparatus comprising: means for determining (800) that a relay user equipment associated with the apparatus is unavailable; means for abstaining (802) from attempting any direct network access and/or any indirect network access via another relay user equipment not associated with the apparatus during a time period; and means for attempting (804) at least one indirect network access via the relay user equipment associated with the apparatus during the time period.
In accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, provided are methods, apparatuses and computer program products configured at least to: select an integer number NO of channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resources out of an integer number of NTRP network configured CSI-RS resources to a resource set associated with a CSI report configuration, wherein N
H04B 7/06 - Diversity systemsMulti-antenna systems, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
H04W 72/1273 - Mapping of traffic onto schedule, e.g. scheduled allocation or multiplexing of flows of downlink data flows
10.
FREQUENCY PRIORITIZATION FOR TERMINAL DEVICES RECEIVING A MULTICAST BROADCAST SERVICE
According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus configured to perform the following. The apparatus receives a service announcement of a multicast broadcast service. The apparatus receives, in the service announcement and/or in at least one message following the service announcement, at least one indication indicating support for all or at least some reduced capability terminal devices for the multicast broadcast service. The apparatus performs a cell reselection process based on cell measurements and the at least one indication.
A method comprising receiving an indication of modifying of at least one control channel element structure within an initial control resource set that is configured for an apparatus, determining at least one modified control channel element structure for at least one aggregation level in the initial control resource set, monitoring physical downlink control channel from the initial control resource set according to the modified control channel element structure, and receiving a physical downlink shared channel according to the physical downlink control channel received via the modified control channel element structure.
Method, apparatuses, and computer program product for addressing random access responses with extended response windows. One method may include accessing, by a user equipment, a network by sending a random access channel preamble to a network element. The method may also include receiving, in response to the random access channel preamble, a random access response from the network element. The random access response provides an indication of which random access channel occasion in time within a span of one or a plurality of radio frames the random access response applies.
H04W 74/0833 - Random access procedures, e.g. with 4-step access
H04W 72/23 - Control channels or signalling for resource management in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal
13.
TIME ALIGNMENT SYNCHRONIZATION WITH A CANDIDATE CELL BEFORE AN EXECUTION PHASE OF A LAYER 1 / LAYER 2 TRIGGERED MOBILITY PROCEDURE, AND RELATED DEVICES, METHODS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Devices, methods and computer programs for time alignment synchronization with a candidate cell before an execution phase of a layer 1 / layer 2 triggered mobility procedure are disclosed. At least some example embodiments may allow moving the co-ordination of preamble collisions from a centralized unit to a source distributed unit.
There is provided a solution for configuring sensing reference signal resources. According to an aspect, a method comprises in a terminal device: receiving configuration for a sensing service from an access node; receiving, from the access node in downlink control information, a sensing reference signal configuration for at least one of a communication reference signal and a data signal and, further, for a dummy data signal; and performing one of the following: receiving, from the access node, a downlink sensing reference signal comprising the dummy data signal and the at least one of the communication reference signal and the data signal and generating, based on the received downlink sensing reference signal, sensing measurement data for the sensing service; or transmitting to the access node an uplink sensing reference signal comprising the dummy data signal and the at least one of the communication reference signal and the data signal.
H04L 5/00 - Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
G01S 13/00 - Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systemsAnalogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
An apparatus configured to: transmit, to a base station, a request for modifying a configuration for performing cell measurements, wherein the request comprises at least one of: at least one scheduling restriction, or at least one measurement gap parameter; receive, from the base station, a feedback indication associated with the request; and perform the cell measurements based, at least partially, on the feedback indication. An apparatus configured to: receive, from a user equipment, a request for modifying a configuration for performing cell measurements, wherein the request comprises at least one of: at least one scheduling restriction, or at least one measurement gap parameter; and transmit, to the user equipment, a feedback indication in response to the received request.
Various example embodiments relate to a base station method for collection of beam-level user trajectory information, and a base station and computer program product configured to perform that method. One aspect may provide a base station comprising: comprising: circuitry configured to obtain an indication of one or more trigger event which is a trigger for collection of beam-level user trajectory information collection; circuitry configured to collect beam-level user trajectory information collection in relation to one or more beam associated with the one or more trigger event; and circuitry configured to report collected beam-level user trajectory information in relation to one or more beam associated with the one or more trigger event. The base station may comprise a distributed unit, configured to obtain the indication of one or more trigger event which is a trigger for collection of beam-level user trajectory information collection from a centralised unit and configured to report the collected beam-level user trajectory information in relation to one or more beam associated with the one or more trigger event to the centralised unit from which the indication was obtained. Accordingly, aspects and embodiments may provide a mechanism for performing appropriately cascaded data collection by using, for example, a cell level event, to serve as a trigger for collection of higher granularity, beam-level data.
Various example embodiments relate to a base station method for collection of beam-level user trajectory information, and a base station and computer program product configured to perform that method. One aspect provides a base station comprising: circuitry configured to obtain an indication of one or more trigger event which is a trigger for collection of beam-level user trajectory information collection; and circuitry configured to request beam-level user trajectory information collection in relation to one or more beam associated with the one or more trigger event. The base station may comprise a centralised unit and at least one distributed unit, and the centralised unit may be configured to obtain the indication of one or more trigger event which is a trigger for collection of beam-level user trajectory information collection and to request the beam-level user trajectory information collection in relation to one or more beam associated with the one or more trigger event from the at least one distributed unit. Accordingly, aspects and embodiments may provide a mechanism for performing appropriately cascaded data collection by using, for example, a cell level event, to serve as a trigger for collection of higher granularity, beam-level data.
Devices, methods and computer programs for reusing uplink resources without obligatory reconfiguration when a time alignment timer expires are disclosed. At least some example embodiments may allow explicitly signalling the purpose of a random access procedure to a network node (210) via using a disclosed timing advance radio network temporary identifier.
Examples of the disclosure relate to wireless power transfer wireless power transfer in communication networks. A device is arranged to receive a signal for wireless power transfer from a network node and determine information relating to an energy harvesting rate for the device. The device can then transmit a response signal comprising at least one of the information relating to the energy harvesting rate or transmit data requirements of the device. The device can receive further signals for wireless power transfer, or a signal indicating that wireless power transfer is suspended, in accordance with the at least one of the information relating to the energy harvesting rate or transmit data requirements of the device.
H02J 50/00 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
H02J 50/20 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves
H02J 50/80 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
There is provided an apparatus configured to perform: receiving, in a Session Initiation Protocol, SIP, request message from an application server comprised in an Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem, IMS, network, a plurality of avatar identifiers, each avatar identifier identifying a respective avatar that can be used to represent a user of another communication device during an audio-video stream; selecting a subset of the plurality of avatar identifiers; and signalling an indication of the subset to the application server in a SIP response.
Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products are described for dual-access and multi-access to public land mobile networks (PLMNs) via vehicle-mounted relay (VMR) access and terrestrial access User equipment (UE) access can be supported by a VMR-UE and a terrestrial access node (gNB). UE can send an initial UE message including User Location Information (ULI) that indicates access type is VMR-Access. PLMNs can manage traffic using Access Type. UE can access a first PLMN via VMR-gNB Access and a second PLMN via Terrestrial New Radio (NR) Access using the same subscriber information. The two PLMNs can establish two different Non-Access Stratum (NAS) security contexts for UE. A packet data unit (PDU) overlay session can be established that is shared by the two PLMNs. Alternatively, each PLMN can establish a different NAS security context and PDU session without being aware of the other NAS security context and PDU session.
According to an example aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method, comprising receiving an indication of at least one privacy enhancing technique supported by a user equipment, determining, based on the indication, a privacy enhancing technique supported by the user equipment based on the at least one privacy enhancing technique supported by the user equipment and applying the determined privacy enhancing technique supported by the user equipment.
Techniques for performing efficient L1/L2 mobility are provided. For example, a method in a user equipment (UE) connected to a serving cell, is provided. The method comprises receiving, from a first network node, a first reconfiguration message including a first base configuration common to a plurality of first cells served by the first network node and a plurality of first cell-specific configurations each related to one of the plurality of first cells to enable execution of a mobility procedure; and applying, upon execution of the mobility procedure, at least a cell-specific configuration for a first target cell from among the plurality of first cell-specific configurations to connect the UE to the first target cell.
Examples of the disclosure relate to wake-up signals for devices with no main radio or for which a main radio is turned off. An apparatus can be arranged in a low power state and can be arranged to receive a wake-up signal via a low power receiver when in the low power state. The wake-up signal comprises information identifying an apparatus or type of apparatus, and instructions to perform one or more actions in response to the wake-up signal. The apparatus can determine if the wake-up signal is intended for the apparatus based on the information identifying an apparatus or type of apparatus in the wake-up signal. The apparatus can perform the one or more actions indicated in the wake-up signal based on the determination.
Method and apparatus for providing channel state information report, comprising: receiving configuration information for configuring a measurement window to form a compression matrix of a port selection codebook from a codebook set of vector components, wherein the configuration information defines the size of the measurement window, which is common to all of at least one layer to be reported; selecting a number of indices of the measurement window based on the configuration information to form the compression matrix from the codebook set of vector components; and remapping the selected indices, associated to vector components of the compression matrix, with respect to an index of a reference vector component, such that the index of the reference vector component is remapped to a first index of the measurement window; reporting channel state information including precoding matrix indicator to a network, the precoding matrix indicator comprising information of the compression matrix after remapping.
H04B 7/06 - Diversity systemsMulti-antenna systems, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
H04B 7/0456 - Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices for antenna weighting
26.
RANDOM ACCESS PROCEDURE OPTIMIZATION FOR ENERGY HARVESTING SDT DEVICES
A network node may determine a congestion level of a random access channel; and may transmit, to one or more energy constrained user equipments, at least one barring parameter, wherein the at least one barring parameter may be based, at least partially, on the determined congestion level and an energy constraint of the one or more user equipments. An energy constrained user equipment may receive a system information block comprising a barring factor and a back-off time; may determine whether to transmit a preamble for a random access procedure based, at least partially, on the barring factor and a maximum number of preamble transmission attempts; may transmit the preamble based on a determination to do so, or may wait for the back-off time based on a determination to not do so.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage media for dynamic communication configuration for subnetworks. In example embodiments, a device receives, from a plurality of subnetworks, a plurality of received signal strength indications. Then, the device updates, at least in part based on the plurality of received signal strength indications, a plurality of communication configuration models for the plurality of subnetworks. Further, the device transmits, to the plurality of subnetworks, a plurality of sets of parameters associated with the plurality of communication configuration models to enable respective communication configurations to be determined in the plurality of subnetworks.
According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus configured to perform the following. The apparatus receives a service announcement of a multicast broadcast service. The service announcement comprises either at least one frequency selection area identity, FSAI, and at least one indication indicating that the at least one FSAI is defined for reduced capability terminal devices or at least one frequency and at least one indication indicating that the at least one frequency is defined for reduced capability terminal devices. The apparatus performs a cell reselection process based on cell measurements and the service announcement.
An apparatus comprising: a detector for detecting light output from a plurality of scanning lasers; means for controlling respective lengths of light paths from the plurality of scanning lasers to the detector such that the respective lengths of the light paths are first lengths at a first time and second lengths, different to the first lengths, at a second time; and means for adjusting at least one light path orientation to obtain coincidence of the light output from the plurality of scanning lasers at the detector at the first time and at the second time.
Disclosed is a method comprising receiving, from one or more network nodes, one or more first messages indicative of being able to provide a positioning service; selecting, based at least partly on the one or more first messages, a network node from the one or more network nodes; and transmitting, to the selected network node, a second message indicating to activate the positioning service.
An apparatus including circuitry configured to: receive, from a first user equipment, a session initiation protocol invite request to a second user equipment, wherein the session initiation protocol invite request includes information related to at least one avatar; transmit at least one signing request to a signing server, the at least one signing request including the information related to the at least one avatar as part of a signing process; receive, from the signing server, a response to the at least one signing request, wherein the response to the at least one signing request includes a signed token or other relevant information created during the signing process in relation with the at least one avatar; and forward, to a network entity, the session initiation protocol invite request with an identity header, wherein the identity header includes the signed token or the other relevant information created during the signing process.
There are provided measures for enhancement of training node selection for trustworthy federated learning. Such measures exemplarily comprise, at a first network entity coordinating artificial intelligence or machine learning contributor selection in a network, receiving, respectively from a first and a second of a plurality of second network entities managing artificial intelligence or machine learning trustworthiness in artificial intelligence or machine learning pipelines in said network, a first/second artificial intelligence or machine learning contributor selection conflict resolution request including a first/second federated learning distributed node candidate list including at least one first/second federated learning distributed node in said network, wherein each of said at least one first/second federated learning distributed node has trustworthiness capabilities satisfying first/second artificial intelligence or machine learning trustworthiness requirement criteria and is associated with a respective rank in said first/second federated learning distributed node candidate list, transmitting, respectively towards said first and said second of said plurality of second network entities, a first/second artificial intelligence or machine learning contributor selection conflict resolution response including an updated first/second federated learning distributed node candidate list removing a conflict between said first federated learning distributed node candidate list and said second federated learning distributed node candidate list.
An apparatus, method and computer program is described comprising: obtaining signal measurements from a plurality of antenna panels of a user device at respective first sampling rates corresponding to each of the plurality of antenna panels, wherein a rate at which each of the plurality of antenna panels perform signal measurements is determined based on the respective first sampling rates; determining whether a first condition is satisfied or whether a second condition is satisfied, wherein at least one of the first condition or the second condition relates to a probability of an inbound handover; and increasing at least one of the respective first sampling rates to one or more respective second sampling rates in response to determining that the first condition is satisfied, or decreasing at least one of the first sampling rates to one or more respective third sampling rates in response to determining that the second condition is satisfied.
The disclosure relates to a method for a first user equipment comprising: transmitting (1100), to a second user equipment, a message to establish or modify an internet protocol multimedia subsystem session between the first user equipment and the second user equipment for an avatar call; generating (1102) first video media comprising a video of a user; transforming (1104) the first video media comprising the video of the user into second video media comprising a video of an avatar representation of the user or into avatar media comprising gestures of the user within the video of the user and an avatar representation of the user; and transmitting (1106), to the second user equipment, the second video media or the avatar media
In accordance with example embodiments of the invention there is at least a method and apparatus to perform establishing via an access network associated with a user equipment in a communication network, a packet data unit session for data transmission over the access network comprising the apparatus is caused to: based on information from a policy and charging control rule function to a session management function, the session management function creates rules comprising rules to identify the traffic transmitted over the packet data unit session indicating that the transmitted traffic is at least one of encrypted or integrity protected; wherein the information from a policy and charging control rule indicates that traffic encryption on the user plane can be omitted for the packet data unit session, and wherein the traffic is identified by an application ID or IP 5-tuple; based on the identifying, communicating between the session management function and the access network to cause disabling of at least one of user plane encryption or integrity protection for the traffic transmitted via the packet data unit session.
There is provided an apparatus comprising means for receiving a first identifier from an entity in a first core network at an entity in a second core network in a procedure for setting up a first connection on an interface between the entity in the first core network and the entity in the second core network, wherein the first identifier is associated with the first connection and means for providing a second identifier from the entity in the second core network to the entity in the first core network in response, wherein the second identifier is associated with the first connection.
There is disclosed inter alia an apparatus configured to: obtain a transmission payload comprising a transmission payload header, a plurality of encoded audio signal frames and a plurality of identifier headers, wherein each of the plurality of encoded audio signal frames is associated with an identifier header of the plurality of identifier headers;-fragment the transmission payload into a plurality of transmission packets when a cumulative size of the plurality of encoded audio signal frames, the plurality of identifier headers and the transmission payload header exceeds a maximum network transmission unit size, and wherein each of the plurality of transmission packets comprises at least one encoded audio signal frame and an associated identifier header; and include fragmentation information in an identifier header of a transmission packet of the plurality of transmission packets of the transmission payload.
According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided an apparatus comprising: means for determining an adjustment of a subcarrier spacing for a multi-carrier communications system in dependence upon a change of an input bit rate for transfer via the multi-carrier communications system; and means for transmitting to at least one user equipment instructions to apply the adjustment to a subcarrier spacing of the multi-carrier communications system.
Updating access traffic steering, switching, splitting rules with user equipment provided information is provided. A method for updating access traffic steering, switching, splitting rules may include requesting a user equipment to provide information related to access traffic steering, switching, splitting (ATSSS). The method may include generating or updating ATSSS rules for multi-access packet data unit sessions for the user equipment based on the information provided by the user equipment and, alternatively or additionally, based on policy rules received from a policy control function (PCF), and generating or updating N4 rules for multi-access packet data unit sessions for a user plane function based on the information provided by the user equipment and, alternatively or additionally, based on the policy rules received from the PCC. The method may further include transmitting, to the user equipment, the generated ATSSS rules and transmitting, to the user plane function, the generated N4 rules.
An apparatus configured to: in response to a determination to modify one or more configuration parameters for a user equipment, determine one or more configuration identifiers for the one or more configuration parameters; store the one or more configuration identifiers; transmit a configuration change request, wherein the configuration change request comprises, at least, the one or more configuration identifiers; in response to a determination that the configuration change request is successful, transmit an indication to release a previous configuration for the user equipment; and in response to a determination that at least one failure has occurred with respect to the configuration change request: release at least one resource requested with the configuration change request; and transmit at least one indication that the at least one resource requested with the configuration change request is released.
A method comprising: receiving data from one or more point cloud sources; determining one or more structural elements within the received data, said structural elements having properties suitable for5 one or more predetermined transmission policies; encoding the received data to one or more bitstreams, wherein the encoding is at least partly controlled based on the properties of said one or more structural elements; encapsulating the one or more bitstreams into a streaming format; generating signalling comprising information about one or0 more streaming format sessions for said one or more bitstreams, said information comprising at least mapping information between said one or more streaming format sessions and said one or more bitstreams and relations of said one or more structural elements in said one or more streaming format sessions; transmitting the encapsulated one or more5 bitstreams over the one or more streaming format sessions to a client; and signalling said information to the client.
H04L 67/12 - Protocols specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks
G01S 17/00 - Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
H04N 19/70 - Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals characterised by syntax aspects related to video coding, e.g. related to compression standards
H04N 21/235 - Processing of additional data, e.g. scrambling of additional data or processing content descriptors
There is provided an apparatus comprising means for: sending (601) a session initiation protocol, SIP, request, to an internet protocol multimedia subsystem, IMS, application server, the SIP request comprising an avatar calling capability indication, wherein the avatar calling capability indication indicates that the communication device is capable of avatar calling; and receiving (602), from the IMS application server, a SIP response comprising an indication whether an IMS network that comprises the IMS application server allows avatar calling.
An apparatus includes: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: monitoring or receiving information about factors that affect rendering capabilities of a device or about factors that affect a quality of experience of an ongoing split rendering session; creating a signal based on changes in the rendering capabilities or factors that affect the quality of experience of the ongoing split rendering session; and reacting, acknowledging, negotiating, or forwarding the signal.
G06F 9/50 - Allocation of resources, e.g. of the central processing unit [CPU]
A63F 13/355 - Performing operations on behalf of clients with restricted processing capabilities, e.g. servers transform changing game scene into an encoded video stream for transmitting to a mobile phone or a thin client
G06T 15/00 - 3D [Three Dimensional] image rendering
H04N 21/442 - Monitoring of processes or resources, e.g. detecting the failure of a recording device, monitoring the downstream bandwidth, the number of times a movie has been viewed or the storage space available from the internal hard disk
H04N 21/44 - Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs
H04N 21/65 - Transmission of management data between client and server
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to UP traffic handling for emergency case. A first terminal device determines that UP traffic is to be communicated between the first terminal device and a second terminal device without confidentiality protection. The first terminal device determines that the UP traffic is to be communicated between the first terminal device and the second terminal device without integrity protection or with a partial integrity protection. The first terminal device transmits, to the second terminal device, a message indicating that the UP traffic is to be communicated without the confidentiality protection or the integrity protection, or without the confidentiality protection and with the partial integrity protection. In turn, the first terminal device communicates the UP traffic between the first terminal device and the second terminal device without the confidentiality protection or the integrity protection, or without the confidentiality protection and with the partial integrity protection.
H04W 12/033 - Protecting confidentiality, e.g. by encryption of the user plane, e.g. user’s traffic
H04L 9/06 - Arrangements for secret or secure communicationsNetwork security protocols the encryption apparatus using shift registers or memories for blockwise coding, e.g. D.E.S. systems
Examples of the disclosure relate to selecting candidate devices for connecting with one or more portable devices. In examples of the disclosure two or more candidate devices that satisfy location criteria are identified. Microphones of a portable device are used to determine a location of a sound source relative to the at least one portable device and the location of the sound source is compared with respective locations for the two or more candidate devices. A candidate device for connecting to the at least one portable device is selected based, at least in part, on the comparison between the location of the sound source and a location for the selected candidate device.
Local routing of data packets in a Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN). In an embodiment, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) satellite is operatively coupled to first and second User Equipment (UE). The NTN satellite is configured to store a UE context mapping between a first UE context of the first UE and a second UE context of the second UE, receive a data packet from the first UE over a first service link, determine whether to perform local routing of the data packet without routing to a ground network, and send the data packet to the second UE over a second service link based on the UE context mapping in response to a determination to perform local routing.
H04W 40/22 - Communication route or path selection, e.g. power-based or shortest path routing using selective relaying for reaching a BTS [Base Transceiver Station] or an access point
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a terminal device, a method and a medium for modifying or adapting a measurement configuration for a terminal device. In an aspect, a terminal device determines at least one of at least one scheduling restriction or at least one measurement configuration based on one or more conditions including an energy state of the terminal device. The terminal device transmits, to a network device, a request for modifying a configuration for performing measurements. The request comprises at least one of the at least one scheduling restriction or the at least one measurement configuration. With the embodiments in the present disclosure, the preferred measurement configuration and scheduling restrictions can be dynamically provided based on the priority and the energy state of the UE, and thus the energy consumption of energy harvesting devices can be reduced.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to sidelink (SL) congestion control. In an aspect, a terminal device obtains a sidelink congestion control configuration comprising at least one criterion for performing either discarding a protocol data unit, PDU, set or adapting at least one transmission parameter for the PDU set. The at least one criterion is related to a PDU set importance, PSI. The terminal device, based on detecting sidelink congestion, determines, based on the at least one criterion and based on a PSI of the PDU set, whether to perform either i) discarding at least part of the PDU set or ii) adapting of the at least one transmission parameter for the PDU set.
A method includes connecting, by a user equipment (UE), to an access site or application. The UE receives, from a first apparatus, a first message including an access code for access to the access site or application over a dedicated application available on the UE and extracts the access code from the first message to the dedicated application. The UE transmits, via the dedicated application, the access code to the access site or application for authentication.
A method includes receiving, by a user device from a network node, a reference signal (RS) configuration for a time/frequency tracking purpose including: a synchronization signal block (SSB) index identifying a synchronization signal block to be frequency extended to include physical resource blocks (PRBs) for a reference signal for the time/frequency tracking purpose; and information indicating physical resource blocks for the reference signal appended to the synchronization signal block to provide the frequency extended synchronization signal block, wherein the information indicates at least one of: 1) a first number of physical resource blocks for the reference signal that are above, or having subcarrier frequencies higher than, the synchronization signal block, and/or 2) a second number of physical resource blocks for the reference signal that are below, or having subcarrier frequencies lower than, the synchronization signal block; and determining, by the user device, the reference signal configuration for the time/frequency tracking purpose to receive the reference signal within the frequency extended synchronization signal block.
A method provided that includes receiving a setup request message at a radio access node from a user equipment to form a tethering group including the user equipment and at least one other user equipment, including an indication of one or more supported communication modes of the tethering group. The method also includes selecting at least one communication mode from the one or more supported communication modes, and transmitting a configuration message to the tethering group including an indication of at least one configuration for communication with the tethering group. The method additionally includes scheduling one or more resources for transmission of data to the tethering group over links between the radio access node and respective ones of the user equipment and the at least one other user equipment that are configured to detect and decode the data based on one of the at least one communication mode.
An apparatus, method, and computer program product are provided. In the context of a method, the method determines user equipment history information associated with a user equipment that describes a plurality of conditional cell configurations. The method configures the user equipment with a set of conditional cell configurations that does not comprise at least one unnecessary conditional cell configuration out of the plurality of conditional cell configurations that is determined based on the user equipment history information.
An apparatus, method, and computer program product are provided. In the context of a method, the method records user equipment information during a time duration, wherein the user equipment information describes a plurality of conditional cell configurations. Based on the user equipment information, the method generates a report indicating that at least one conditional cell configuration of the plurality of conditional cell configurations was unnecessary. The method transmits the report to a network node.
Certain examples provide an apparatus (10, 100) comprising: means (11, 15) for receiving, from a network node (120), information (302) indicating one or more resources (303) for the apparatus to transmit a request (306) to suspend at least one activity for a time period (309), wherein the at least one activity comprises at least one of: at least one reception, Rx, process, at least one transmission, Tx, process, or monitoring of a control channel; means (11) for determining, based at least in part of an energy status of the apparatus, whether to request to suspend the at least one activity for the time period; means (11, 15) for transmitting, responsive at least in part to a determination to request to suspend the at least one activity for the time period, the request to the network node via the one or more resources; and means (11) for suspending, responsive at least in part to the determination, the at least one activity for the time period.
A user equipment (UE) comprising: means for receiving a sensing procedure set-up signal to enable UE-involved sensing of a transmitted radio signal reflected from at least an object, wherein the UE involvement is requested by the sensing procedure set-up signal and comprises one or both of: transmission of the radio signal for reflection by the object and reception of a reflected transmitted radio signal after reflection by the object.
H04W 4/02 - Services making use of location information
G01S 13/00 - Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systemsAnalogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
H04W 4/38 - Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for collecting sensor information
A method includes receiving, by a user device from a network node, a reference signal (RS) configuration for a time/frequency tracking purpose including: a synchronization signal block (SSB) index identifying a synchronization signal block to be frequency extended to include physical resource blocks (PRBs) for a reference signal for the time/frequency tracking purpose; and information indicating physical resource blocks for the reference signal appended to the synchronization signal block to provide the frequency extended synchronization signal block, wherein the information indicates at least one of: 1) a first number of physical resource blocks for the reference signal that are above, or having subcarrier frequencies higher than, the synchronization signal block, and/or 2) a second number of physical resource blocks for the reference signal that are below, or having subcarrier frequencies lower than, the synchronization signal block; determining, by the user device, the reference signal configuration for the time/frequency tracking purpose to receive the reference signal within the frequency extended synchronization signal block; and receiving, by the user device, the reference signal.
An apparatus, method and computer program are disclosed relating to recommendation of virtual spaces. The apparatus may comprise means for identifying at least one virtual space for output to a user device associated with a user and means for generating at least one alternative version of the at least one virtual space by modifying at least part of the virtual space, the modifying being based on one or more settings associated with the user device or user. The apparatus may also comprise means for receiving one or more user preferences indicative of preferred output attributes of virtual spaces, means for determining one or more recommended virtual spaces based on comparing one or more output attributes of each of the least one alternative version(s) with the one or more user preferences and means for outputting, to a user interface of the user device, one of the one or more recommended virtual spaces or respective indications of the one or more recommended virtual spaces.
An apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving a configuration from a network including associating an amount N of downlink reference signals respectively with N sounding reference signals; reporting up to N downlink reference signals to the network, wherein a downlink reference signal reported to the network is indicative to the network that the apparatus is capable to transmit the sounding reference signal associated with the reported downlink reference signal; receiving a command to trigger sounding reference signal transmission; and transmitting the up to N sounding reference signals respectively associated with the reported up to N downlink reference signals to the network in response to receiving the command
An apparatus comprising: means for receiving a configuration message for one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) states from a network, said configuration message comprising one or more TCI states indicating quasi-colocation resources for a set of downlink signals and channels and/or spatial sources for a set of uplink signals and channels to be used for provision of activation information by the apparatus; means for receiving a configuration for transmitting the provision of the activation information; and means for transmitting a transmission configuration indication (TCI) activation information message to the network, said TCI activation information message comprising one or more TCI states indicated by the apparatus to be activated, wherein the TCI activation information message is transmitted as a part of an event triggered transmission procedure.
H04B 7/06 - Diversity systemsMulti-antenna systems, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
60.
ORGANIZING A SET OF A RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL OCCASIONS
The disclosure inter alia pertains to a A user equipment comprising means for receiving, from a network device, configuration information organizing a set of a random access channel, RACH, occasions, ROs, into primary and secondary ROs; means for performing a random access, RA, procedure on a secondary RO based on the received configuration information; means for, in case the RA procedure on the secondary RO is unsuccessful, performing an RA procedure on a primary RO based on the received configuration information
Network selection to support simultaneous multiple access registration from a user equipment is provided. A method for network selection to support simultaneous multiple access registration may include receiving, via a network entity from a user device, capability information of the user device. The capability information may include an indication of a capability of the user device for dual access registration to multiple mobile networks. The method may also include determining at least one geographic locality corresponding to each of the multiple mobile networks and generating a route selection policy for the at least one geographic locality. The route selection policy may include registered mobile network-specific data for a network slice or application. The method may further include transmitting, to the user device, the generated route selection policy with route selection descriptor information.
An apparatus comprising
a plurality of power amplifiers, wherein at least some of the plurality of power amplifiers have different maximum output power capabilities;
a multiplicity of antenna ports;
control means configured to select a set of one or more power amplifiers from the plurality of power amplifiers for simultaneous transmission via respective antenna ports.
An apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving a configuration from a network including associating an amount N of downlink reference signals to the network, wherein a downlink reference signal reported to the network is indicative to the network that the apparatus is capable to transmit the sounding reference signal associated with the reported downlink reference signal; determining up to N downlink reference signals to be reported based on at least one criterion; reporting up to N downlink reference signals to the network; receiving a command to trigger the sounding reference signal transmission; and transmitting the up to N sounding reference signals respectively associated with the reported up to N downlink reference signals to the network.
H04W 52/36 - Transmission power control [TPC] using constraints in the total amount of available transmission power with a discrete range or set of values, e.g. step size, ramping or offsets
H04W 72/23 - Control channels or signalling for resource management in the downlink direction of a wireless link, i.e. towards a terminal
64.
APPARATUS CONFIGURED FOR BACKSCATTER MODULATION USING HARVESTED ENERGY
An apparatus comprising:
energy harvesting circuitry;
backscatter modulation circuitry powered at least partially using energy provided by the energy harvesting circuitry;
a first antenna element coupled via a first feed to the backscatter modulation circuitry; and
a second antenna element coupled via a second feed to the energy harvesting circuitry,
wherein the apparatus is configured to receive radio signals simultaneously, at the same frequency, at the backscatter modulation circuitry via the first antenna element and at the energy harvesting circuitry via the second antenna element.
H02J 50/00 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
H02J 50/27 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using microwaves or radio frequency waves characterised by the type of receiving antennas, e.g. rectennas
H02J 50/40 - Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices
There is provided an apparatus comprising: means for determining a communication request associated with relay discovery and selection for a user equipment-to-network, U2N, relay connection establishment for a first user equipment, UE, and means for, based on the communication request, providing, to a U2N relay UE via at least one first user equipment-to-user equipment, U2U, relay UE, the communication request using an established relay chain between the U2N relay UE and a second UE via the at least one first U2U relay UE.
The present disclosure relates to a solution for introducing an elevation angle to enhance QoE mechanism for NTN. In particular, in some example embodiments, a terminal device determines whether to perform a QoE measurement or transmit a measurement report for the QoE measurement based on the angle information. In this way, it can avoid unnecessary air interface resource wasting. Alternatively, in some other example embodiments, the terminal device may include the angle information into the measurement report. In this way, it can help identity a reason of worse user experience and better optimize NTN network.
An apparatus comprising: means for receiving a configuration message for one or more transmission configuration indication (TCI) states from a network, said configuration message comprising one or more TCI states indicating quasi-colocation resources for a set of downlink signals and channels and/or spatial sources for a set of uplink signals and channels to be used for provision of activation information by the apparatus; means for receiving a configuration for transmitting the provision of the activation information; and means for transmitting a transmission configuration indication (TCI) activation information message to the network, said TCI activation information message comprising one or more TCI states indicated by the apparatus to be activated.
H04B 7/06 - Diversity systemsMulti-antenna systems, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
H04B 7/08 - Diversity systemsMulti-antenna systems, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
68.
ORGANIZING A SET OF A RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL OCCASIONS
The disclosure inter alia pertains to a user equipment comprising means for receiving, from a network device, configuration information organizing a set of a random access channel, RACH, occasions, ROs, into primary and secondary ROs; means for receiving, from the network device, a status indicating whether physical random access channel, PRACH, detection is performed by the network device during the secondary ROs; and means for transmitting a PRACH preamble based on the received configuration information and the received status.
Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for user equipment autonomous resource detection for calibration are provided. For example, a method may include detecting and measuring, by a user equipment, received power during at least one synchronization signal block or channel state information reference signal. The method may also include selecting, by the user equipment, at least one random access channel occasion based on the detected and measured received power. The method may further include determining, by the user equipment, at least one random access channel occasion corresponding to the selected at least one synchronization signal block. The method may additionally include performing, by the user equipment, a user equipment calibration during the determined at least one random access channel occasion.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage media of autonomous preconfigured measurement gap (Pre-MG) activation for a measurement of a positioning reference signal (PRS). In example embodiments, if it is determined that a measurement is to be performed for a PRS, a terminal device evaluates whether a Pre-MG is suitable for the measurement of the PRS. Then, the terminal device decides whether a Pre-MG is to be activated and transmits, to a base station, a first indication whether the Pre-MG is suitable for the measurement of the PRS.
A method is provided that comprises providing a radio network service to at least one user equipment by a serving radio access node having context information in association with the at least one user equipment. The method comprises determining to shut down the radio network service. The context information is forwarded by the serving radio access node to a plurality of radio access nodes within reach, via a signaling procedure defined as a non-acknowledgement message procedure, for the plurality of radio access nodes to store the context information for enabling a continued radio network service to the at least one user equipment. And a mobility management function is informed of the determined shut down along with an indication of the plurality of radio access nodes for the mobility management function informing at least one candidate node for providing the continued radio network service of the plurality of radio access nodes.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a solution of transmitting sidelink (SL) feedback information on non-contiguous resource sets. In this solution, in accordance with a determination that a plurality of feedback transmission occasions for sidelink transmissions are mapped on non-contiguous resource sets, an apparatus determines a group of contiguous resource sets mapped with a subset of the plurality of feedback transmission occasions; and transmits feedback information on the group of contiguous resource sets.
There is provided an apparatus that is caused to: in response to determining that a plurality of access points to be configured to provide positioning reference signals to a user equipment comprises at least one non-terrestrial access point and at least one terrestrial access point: determining, for the at least one non-terrestrial access point, a propagation delay for signalling between said non-terrestrial access point and the user equipment; using the determined propagation delay to select a configuration of at least one of: a duration of a measurement gap at the user equipment in which the user equipment is to perform positioning-related measurements on positioning reference signals transmitted by the plurality of access points, and a transmission time of at least one positioning reference signal to be provided to the user equipment by at least one of the plurality of access points; and signalling the selected configuration.
An apparatus comprising:
means for sensing user movement, wherein the sensing of user movement produces sensing data;
means for classifying the user movement, in dependence upon at least the sensing data, as a sound-producing user gesture of a user; and
means for providing audio feedback to the user in dependence upon the classification.
G10K 11/178 - Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general using interference effectsMasking sound by electro-acoustically regenerating the original acoustic waves in anti-phase
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to handling emergency access. A method comprises: at a first apparatus, in accordance with a determination that an access to a cell by the first apparatus is barred, monitoring an indication related to an emergency access in the cell; determining, based on a result of the monitoring, whether the first apparatus is allowed to perform emergency access in the cell.
A method is provided that includes receiving a configuration of selection criteria for a timing advance (TA) of a target cell, acquired by respective acquisition schemes including a user equipment (UE)-based acquisition scheme and a random access channel (RACH)-based acquisition scheme. The method includes acquiring a UE-based TA value according to the UE-based acquisition scheme, and transmitting a random access preamble to the target cell that is configured to acquire a RACH-based TA value according to the RACH-based acquisition scheme. The method includes receiving a cell-switch command from a serving cell to trigger a cell switch to the target cell, after the UE-based TA value and the RACH-based TA value are acquired. And the method includes accessing the target cell using a TA value selected from the UE-based TA value and the RACH-based TA value, based on the configuration.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage media for timely real-time AIML inference and troubleshooting. A method may include obtaining, at a first network entity, information about triggering time of at least one ML inference and information about delivery time of the at least one ML inference, determining an inference latency metric based on the obtained information, identifying at least one late ML inference, obtaining, information about triggering time and delivery time of the at least one identified late ML inference, transmitting the time-related information.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to apparatuses, methods, and a computer readable storage medium for CSI reconstruction in a sensing system. In the solution, a first apparatus for CSI reconstruction may receive assistance information for CSI reconstruction which may at least indicate a reference path between a sensing transmitter and a sensing receiver. The first apparatus may receive a measurement report from the sensing receiver and further perform a CSI reconstruction based on the measurement report. Accordingly, an aggregated CSI may be determined for further sensing. Therefore, the performance of sensing may be improved and the efficiency for sensing may be increased.
Various embodiments provide methods, apparatuses, and computer program products. An example method includes receiving a first bitstream and a second bitstream; producing or generating the following: an encapsulated file comprising at least one track comprising one or more samples, wherein the first bitstream is encapsulated in the one or more samples, and wherein the second bitstream is encapsulated in a first sample auxiliary information; receiving or determining one or more sample group description entries and a mapping of the one or more sample group description entries to the first sample auxiliary information; and writing at least one sample to group box for indicating that the at least one sample to group box relates to the first sample auxiliary information and for indicating the mapping of the one or more sample group description entries to the first sample auxiliary information.
80.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR NON-SEAMLESS WLAN OFFLOAD INTERCONNECTING BETWEEN STANDALONE NON-PUBLIC NETWORKS
A user equipment forms a registration request comprising a decorated network access identifier, NAI, indicative of a cellular subscription of the user equipment and of an interconnecting indication for causing Non-Seamless WLAN offload, NSWO, interconnecting from a first standalone non-public network, SNPN, to a second SNPN; transmits the registration request to the first SNPN; and receives from the first SNPN, following the registration request, an indication of a result of the registration request. A mobility management entity of the first SNPN receives the registration request including the decorated NAI, forms an authentication request comprising the decorated NAI and an indication of the first SNPN name, sends the authentication request to the second SNPN, receives an authentication response from the second SNPN; and indicates to the user equipment a result of the registration request according to the authentication response.
Disclosed is a method comprising receiving, from a radio access network node, a configuration for downlink pilot signal compression; compressing, based on the configuration, one or more downlink pilot signals received from the radio access network node; and transmitting, to the radio access network node, information relating to the one or more compressed downlink pilot signals.
Methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for graph-learning sub-band allocation. The method comprises: receiving (710), from a second apparatus, a report of identifiers of a predetermined number of neighboring subnetworks of a subnetwork at which the second apparatus is located, the predetermined number of neighboring subnetworks being associated with a predefined interference metric; generating (720) a subnetworks deployment conflict graph based on the reported identifiers; obtaining (730) an inference model associated with sub-band allocation; and transmitting (740), to the second apparatus, at least one of the following: at least one target sub-band determined based at least on the inference model and assigned to the subnetwork; or the inference model along with the subnetworks deployment conflict graph.
A method is provided that includes transmitting an initiating message of a procedure to a target radio access node, and initiating a timer associated with the procedure. The method includes receiving an indication of a delay associated with the procedure at the target radio access node, and performing an action based on the timer and the delay. The action includes canceling the procedure before expiration of the timer, extending the timer, or initiating a second timer whose expiration marks a successful outcome of the procedure.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to handling emergency access. A method comprises: at a first apparatus, in accordance with a determination that an access to a cell by the first apparatus is barred, monitoring an indication related to an emergency access in the cell; determining, based on a result of the monitoring, whether the first apparatus is allowed to perform emergency access in the cell.
The present disclosure relates to on transition to another cell without handover in non-terrestrial network (NTN). In particular, a NTN device transmits information related to a set of NTN devices to a terminal a first device receives assistance information of a NTN device from a second device. The assistance information at least indicated a type of a cell switching. The first device skips buffer flushing and security key updating regardless of the type of cell switching. In this way, it can achieve cell switching without handover.
Disclosed is a method comprising obtaining one or more first conditions for small data transmission, said one or more first conditions being specific to a first device type, wherein the one or more first conditions are different compared with one or more second conditions for small data transmission, said one or more second conditions being associated with a second device type different to the first device type; and initiating, if the one or more first conditions are fulfilled, a small data transmission procedure, while in a radio resource control inactive state or idle state.
Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for TEG reporting with angular validity indication. One method may include a UE calculating an angular validity region around a reference direction for which at least one timing error group is valid, and transmitting at least one of the timing error groups comprising an indication about the angular validity region and a reference direction identifier associated with the reference direction to a location management node.
G01S 5/02 - Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position-line determinationsPosition-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
The disclosure relates to an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer code for one or more programs, the at least one memory and the computer code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus at least to: receive (500), from a model provider function, a user equipment identifier and a model identifier; generate (502) an access key to allow a user equipment identified by the user equipment identifier to access a model identified by the model identifier; store (504) the user equipment identifier and the model identifier along the access key to allow a user equipment identified by the user equipment identifier to access a model identified by the model identifier; and send (506), to the user equipment, the access key.
There are provided measures for error message generation and processing. Such measures exemplarily comprise, at a first network entity associated with a first network roaming interconnected with a second network, receiving a message indicative of a roaming service related error, wherein said message includes first error cause information related to said roaming service related error and addressed to said first network entity, and deciding on further handling of said message based on said first error cause information.
Solutions using a counter space and STOP bits to transmit data are disclosed. The counter space is a portion of a resource grid having a predetermined size in the time domain and in the frequency domain, wherein counter values are associated with respective resource elements of the counter space according to a predetermined rule. By means of the counter space and counter values, it is possible to transmit M binary string values of M binary strings of a predetermined length N by encoding STOP bits over respective resource elements of the counter space, and transmitting the encoded STOP bits. At a receiving side, the encoded STOP bits are decoded to M binary string values to obtain M binary strings of the predetermined length N.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a solution for non-terrestrial network (NTN) quality of experience (QoE) reporting with handover information. In particular, a terminal device bundles handover information to QoE measurement reporting data and sends the information to a network. In this way, such information helps the network to identify the cause of user experience varying. Further, it also facilitates optimizing NTN system performance.
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a terminal device, a method and a medium for optimizing one or more parameters of a transmission. In an aspect, a first terminal device receives, from a second terminal device, a measurement report of interference caused by a first transmission from the first terminal device to a network device or to a third terminal device. The first terminal device optimizes at least one of the following parameters of a second transmission to be performed to the second terminal device based on the measurement report and in a parameter order in which the following parameters are listed: a frequency allocation parameter, a beamforming parameter, a transmit power parameter, or a modulation and coding scheme parameter. With the embodiments in the present disclosure, the transmission with low power towards user equipment in a sub-network can be optimized.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to apparatuses, methods, and computer readable storage media for ambident backscatter communication. A first apparatus receives, from a second apparatus serving the first apparatus, scheduling information comprising at least query information for a third apparatus, wherein the third apparatus is to be activated by the first apparatus for backscattering transmission. The first apparatus transmits, based on the scheduling information, an activation signal to the third apparatus, the activation signal comprising an uplink transmission signal to the second apparatus. In this way, time-frequency resources for UL data transmissions can be reused for backscattering data by ambient IoT devices, which saves the network resources and realizes the power saving for the terminal devices.
Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to apparatuses, methods, and computer readable storage media for ambident backscatter communication. A first apparatus transmits, to a second apparatus served by the first apparatus, scheduling information comprising at least backscattering information for a third apparatus. The third apparatus is to be activated by the first apparatus for backscattering transmission. The first apparatus transmits, based on the scheduling information, an activation signal to the third apparatus, the activation signal comprising a downlink transmission signal to the second apparatus and a query indication for the backscattering transmission over the downlink transmission signal. In this way, time-frequency resources for DL transmissions can be reused for backscattering transmissions by ambient IoT devices, thus avoiding transmitting separate illumination signals for the ambient IoT devices and improving the network energy saving.
An apparatus includes: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine an attenuation map and at least one image corresponding to the attenuation map; wherein the attenuation map provides information related to a modification operation intended to be applied to the at least one image; wherein the modification operation reduces information related to at least one pixel of the at least one image, or the modification operation reduces a rate at which information related to the at least one image is provided, or the modification operation reduces a pixel level of the at least one image; and encode the attenuation map, the at least one image, and the modification operation into or along a bitstream or as a file.
Techniques for cross-domain authorization of services in a communication network environment are disclosed. For example, a method comprises requesting data or a service, associated with a communication network, via one of a radio access network entity and a core network entity, and performing a cross-domain authorization process between the radio access network entity and the core network entity for the data or the service.
A method includes receiving, by a user equipment (UE), a first message from a first apparatus of a first access network, the first message including an indication of one or more network nodes of a second access network in a sleep state. The UE determines to wake from the sleep state a first network node of the second access network, and transmits a second message to the first apparatus of the first access network, the second message including a request to wake from the sleep state the first network node of the second network access network.
The embodiments concern an apparatus comprising means for processing an image to predict a block according to prediction samples of two prediction blocks; for determining when both of the two prediction blocks for the block are within boundaries of the image, and for applying a bi-prediction based on said two prediction blocks for the block resulting in a bi-prediction block; for determining when one of the two prediction blocks is at least partially out of the image's boundaries, and for applying a uni- prediction based on the prediction block within image boundaries resulting in a uni-prediction block; for deriving filter coefficients based on selected set of samples of the bi-prediction block, wherein the selected set of samples comprises samples that have been subsampled in the bi-prediction block according to a subsampling method; and for filtering at least a part of the uni-prediction block according to the filter coefficients.
H04N 19/159 - Prediction type, e.g. intra-frame, inter-frame or bidirectional frame prediction
H04N 19/176 - Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being an image region, e.g. an object the region being a block, e.g. a macroblock
H04N 19/86 - Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using pre-processing or post-processing specially adapted for video compression involving reduction of coding artifacts, e.g. of blockiness
99.
PARAMETRIC SPATIAL AUDIO DECODING WITH PASS-THROUGH MODE
There is disclosed inter alia a method for decoding an encoded spatial audio signal in a pass-through coding mode, wherein the encoded spatial audio signal comprises an encoded audio metadata signal, encoded audio channel signals and encoded information relating to a plurality of audio objects, wherein the method performs the decoding by decoding the encoded spatial audio signal to produce audio metadata in a predefined format and audio channel signals; and decoding information relating to the plurality of audio objects to produce a plurality of audio objects.
G10L 19/008 - Multichannel audio signal coding or decoding using interchannel correlation to reduce redundancy, e.g. joint-stereo, intensity-coding or matrixing
Various communication systems may benefit from an improved resource block group allocation in a cell. A method may include determining at a network entity a common frequency resource allocation grid in a cell. The method may also include configuring at the network entity a frequency location of a bandwidth part of a user equipment within the cell. The frequency location of the bandwidth part may be offset from a reference point of the common frequency resource allocation grid. In addition, the method may include determining a size of one or more of a plurality of resource block groups within the bandwidth part of the user equipment based on the frequency location of the bandwidth part and the reference point. Further, the method may include transmit downlink control information from the network entity to the user equipment.
