A method of detecting radiation from a target object is described that makes use of a radiation detector module including a collimator having a plurality of apertures having a spread angle for emergent radiation. The method exploits this by: associating a target object with an internal radiation source such that radiation emergent from the target object is caused to pass through the collimator to be incident upon a detector; receiving a plurality of responses each being a response to an interaction with incident radiation occurring within the detector; determining, for each of the plurality of responses, a position of each interaction within the detector in three dimensions comprising two area dimensions and a depth dimension; processing the said plurality of responses by simultaneously processing position data in such manner as to obtain information about parts of the target object within an effective field of view that is not directly congruent with the primary field of view.
An object detection system comprising a computing device in communication with an imaging device, wherein the computing device is configured to: collect, from the imaging device, a first image captured along a first image axis; collect, from the imaging device, a second image captured along a second image axis; generate one or more first feature maps and one or more second feature maps for the first image and the second image respectively; determine one or more first region proposals and one or more second region proposals based on the one or more first feature maps and the one or more second feature maps respectively; select one or more first regions of interest from the one or more first region proposals; select one or more second regions of interest from the one or more second region proposals; match the first regions of interest with corresponding second regions of interest; and determine the presence of an object of concern based on the combined region of interest and the feature maps.
A microfluidic system is described comprising a plurality of fluidly connected microfluidic chambers, each microfluidic chamber comprising: a fluid sample inlet; a fluid sample outlet; a selectably closable valve operable to enable gas to be vented from the chamber; a pressurisation system operable to apply an overpressure to one or more first microfluidic chambers being fluidly most upstream. A method is also described comprising supplying a fluid sample to the system via the one or more first microfluidic chambers being fluidly most upstream; operating the pressurisation system to apply an overpressure to the one or more first microfluidic chambers; selectively operating the valves of the fluidly connected microfluidic chambers to cause the fluid sample to move successively between the microfluidic chambers.
A genome characterisation system for providing a genome characteristic prediction of a genome of origin associated with an input genomic sequence, the genome characterisation system comprising: an input preparation layer arranged to encode the input genomic sequence in a form suitable for input to a convolutional neural network; a multi-path residual block comprising a plurality of parallel residual routes, each residual route being adapted to receive input data from the input preparation layer and generate residual data corresponding to features of differing length; a self-attention layer arranged to receive residual data from each of the residual routes, generate a set of attention weights based on the residual data and a set of weights, and apply the set of attention weights to the residual data to generate an output tensor comprising data indicative of a relative importance of one or more portions of the input genomic sequence; and an output layer arranged to receive the output tensor from the self-attention layer; and output a likelihood vector indicative of characteristics of the genome of origin.
A microfluidic loading module is described to be operable in use in fluid communication with a microfluidic process flow cell module having a sample port, a priming port and a waste port is provided. The loading module includes a sample port interface including a sample outlet adapted to effect fluid communication with a sample port of the microfluidic process flow cell module; a priming port interface including a priming outlet adapted to effect fluid communication with a priming port of the microfluidic process flow cell module; and a waste port interface including a waste inlet adapted to effect fluid communication with a waste port of the microfluidic process flow cell module. The sample outlet of the sample port interface comprises a microfluidic tube having a longitudinal direction and an end profile angled away from a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction. A method for loading a sample into a microfluidic process flow cell module is also described.
A method of processing radiation from a source is described comprising: positioning a detector to receive radiation from the source; positioning a collimator between the source and the detector, wherein the collimator has a plurality of apertures; allowing radiation from the source to pass through the collimator and be incident upon the detector; receiving a plurality of responses each being a response to an interaction with incident radiation occurring within the detector; determining, for each of the plurality of responses, a characteristic of the interaction, wherein the characteristic comprises at least a position and depth of the interaction within the detector; processing the said plurality of responses by simultaneously processing position and depth of interaction data in such manner as to accommodate the effect of multiplexing due to overlap of the projected radiation pathways from multiple apertures in the collimator at the detector on the detected position on the detector. A radiation detection system for the detection of radiation from a source, in particular to perform the method, is also described.
The present invention relates to a method for identifying isotopes. In particular, the present invention relates to a computer-implemented method and corresponding system for determining the presence of a radiological source.
UNIVERSITY COURT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH (United Kingdom)
Inventor
Venugopalan Nair Jalajakumari, Aravind
Mullins, John
Henderson, Robert
Marsden, Edward
Abstract
The present invention relates to a digital silicon photomultiplier, methods of operating a digital silicon photomultiplier and a device comprising one or more digital silicon photomultipliers. The digital silicon photomultiplier may comprise at least one least one pixel, wherein each pixel includes at least one single photon avalanche photodiode and a toggle operatively connected to each of the at least one single photon avalanche photodiodes. The toggle may output at least one transition wherein each transition represents a detection of a photon. A programmable divider may be operatively connected to each pixel, wherein each programmable divider is programmed with a divisor and each programmable divider receives a first set of transitions and outputs a second set of transitions, wherein each transition in the first set of transitions represents a detection of a photon by a single photon avalanche photodiode of a respective pixel and each transition of the second set of transitions represents a number of detected photons of the respective pixel equivalent to the divisor.
A method of detecting radiation from a source and a radiation detection system embodying the principles of the method are described. The method comprises: positioning a detector to receive radiation from the source; applying a multiplexing transformation to radiation from the source to create complexity in three dimensions in the pattern of radiation from the source; receiving a plurality of responses each being a response to an interaction with incident radiation occurring within the detector; determining, for each of the plurality of responses, a characteristic of the interaction, wherein the characteristic comprises at least a position in three dimensions of the interaction within the detector; processing the said plurality of responses in accordance with the determined position in three dimensions of each interaction within the detector and drawing inferences therefrom regarding the pattern of radiation from the source.
A particle concentrator system for the concentration of particulate material is described. The particle concentrator system comprises a prefilter module comprising a first inertial classifier configured to retain a flow in which particles smaller than a predetermined cut point size tend to segregate differentially; and a concentrator module comprising at least one second inertial classifier, and optionally more than one fluidly in series, configured to retain a flow in which particles larger than a predetermined cut point size tend to segregate differentially. The inertial classifiers are preferably virtual impactors. A gas sampler system, a gas sampler, concentrator and collection system, a method for the collection of a sample of aerosolised particulate material using such systems are also described.
One embodiment provides an electronic circuit device, including: a first electronic circuit board; a second electronic circuit board separated from the first electronic circuit board; at least one capacitor including two electrodes, wherein one of the two electrodes is mounted to the first electronic circuit board and wherein the other of the two electrodes is mounted to the second electronic circuit board; and at least one connector electrically coupled to at least one of the first electronic circuit board and the second electronic circuit board. Other aspects are described and claimed.
One embodiment provides an electronic circuit device, including: a first electronic circuit board; a second electronic circuit board separated from the first electronic circuit board; at least one capacitor including two electrodes, wherein one of the two electrodes is mounted to the first electronic circuit board and wherein the other of the two electrodes is mounted to the second electronic circuit board; and at least one connector electrically coupled to at least one of the first electronic circuit board and the second electronic circuit board. Other aspects are described and claimed.
H05K 3/34 - Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
13.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING OPTICALLY-MANIFEST CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED PROCESS
A reactor apparatus for controlling the temperature of a reaction volume whilst monitoring optical properties of a reaction therein is described. The apparatus comprises: a housing formation defining within it at least one reaction volume; a heat source disposed in association with and selectively operable to input heat to the housing formation, and thereby to affect a temperature of the reaction volume; a photon source; a photon detector; a photon transmissive region provided in the housing formation and configured to define an optical path between the photon source and the reaction volume; a photon transmissive region provided in the housing formation and configured to provide an optical path between the reaction volume and the photon detector. A method of controlling the temperature of a reaction volume whilst monitoring optical properties of a reaction therein is also described.
A scintillator unit is described for use in a radiation detector assembly comprising: a scintillator comprising a scintillating material; a wrapping layer at least partly covering an external surface of the scintillating material; wherein the wrapping layer comprises a composite layer including a first layer of diffusively reflective material and a second layer of specularly reflective material. A radiation detector assembly including a scintillator unit is also described. Methods of fabrication of the same are also described.
A radiation detector assembly is described comprising: a scintillator; a photodetector; a hermetic enclosure surrounding and defining an enclosure volume that contains the scintillator and the photodetector; wherein the enclosure comprises a wall of plastics material coated with a metal layer. A method of assembly of a radiation detector assembly is also provided.
A microfluidic system is described comprising a plurality of fluidly connected microfluidic chambers, each microfluidic chamber comprising: a fluid sample inlet; a fluid sample outlet; a selectably closable valve operable to enable gas to be vented from the chamber; a pressurisation system operable to apply an overpressure to one or more first microfluidic chambers being fluidly most upstream. A method is also described comprising supplying a fluid sample to the system via the one or more first microfluidic chambers being fluidly most upstream; operating the pressurisation system to apply an overpressure to the one or more first microfluidic chambers; selectively operating the valves of the fluidly connected microfluidic chambers to cause the fluid sample to move successively between the microfluidic chambers.
A method of processing radiation from a source is described comprising: positioning a detector to receive radiation from the source; positioning a collimator between the source and the detector, wherein the collimator has a plurality of apertures; allowing radiation from the source to pass through the collimator and be incident upon the detector; receiving a plurality of responses each being a response to an interaction with incident radiation occurring within the detector; determining, for each of the plurality of responses, a characteristic of the interaction, wherein the characteristic comprises at least a position and depth of the interaction within the detector; processing the said plurality of responses by simultaneously processing position and depth of interaction data in such manner as to accommodate the effect of multiplexing due to overlap of the projected radiation pathways from multiple apertures in the collimator at the detector on the detected position on the detector. A radiation detection system for the detection of radiation from a source, in particular to perform the method, is also described.
A hybrid radiation detector is described comprising a first energy discriminating detector element selected to be sensitive to incident radiation of a lower energy range and a second detector element selected to be sensitive to incident radiation of a higher energy rage and a second detector element. In embodiments, a first detector element comprises a semiconductor detector; and a second detector element comprises a scintillator detector. The first detector element may thus be suitable to be more responsive to radiation in a first, lower energy range and/or configured and arranged to collect incident radiation emergent from a target of such energy that the photoelectric effect predominates as an attenuation mode in the target; and the second detector element may thus be suitable to be more responsive to radiation in a second, higher energy range and/or configured and arranged to collect incident radiation of a generally higher energy. A method of detecting radiation using such a hybrid detector is also described.
A method of detecting radiation from a source and a radiation detection system embodying the principles of the method are described. The method comprises: positioning a detector to receive radiation from the source; applying a multiplexing transformation to radiation from the source to create complexity in three dimensions in the pattern of radiation from the source; receiving a plurality of responses each being a response to an interaction with incident radiation occurring within the detector; determining, for each of the plurality of responses, a characteristic of the interaction, wherein the characteristic comprises at least a position in three dimensions of the interaction within the detector; processing the said plurality of responses in accordance with the determined position in three dimensions of each interaction within the detector and drawing inferences therefrom regarding the pattern of radiation from the source.
A particle concentrator system for the concentration of particulate material is described. The particle concentrator system comprises a prefilter module comprising a first inertial classifier configured to retain a flow in which particles smaller than a predetermined cut point size tend to segregate differentially; and a concentrator module comprising at least one second inertial classifier, and optionally more than one fluidly in series, configured to retain a flow in which particles larger than a predetermined cut point size tend to segregate differentially. The inertial classifiers are preferably virtual impactors. A gas sampler system, a gas sampler, concentrator and collection system, a method for the collection of a sample of aerosolised particulate material using such systems are also described.
A scintillator unit is described for use in a radiation detector assembly comprising: a scintillator comprising a scintillating material; a wrapping layer at least partly covering an external surface of the scintillating material; wherein the wrapping layer comprises a composite layer including a first layer of diffusively reflective material and a second layer of specularly reflective material. A radiation detector assembly including a scintillator unit is also described. Methods of fabrication of the same are also described.
A radiation detector assembly is described comprising: a scintillator; a photodetector; a hermetic enclosure surrounding and defining an enclosure volume that contains the scintillator and the photodetector; wherein the enclosure comprises a wall of plastics material coated with a metal layer. A method of assembly of a radiation detector assembly is also provided.
A conveyor system is described for use with a scanning apparatus (49) for the scanning of objects (43), such as bottles. The system comprises a transverse conveyor having a conveyor surface (45); a plurality of object support modules (41), each object support module (41) comprising a lower surface that sits upon the conveyor surface (45) of the conveyor and an upper part in which an object receiving recessed portion is defined, wherein the object receiving recessed portion defines an elongate recess having a constant transverse profile. A scanning system comprising the conveyor system in combination with an object scanner and a method of scanning embodying the principles of such a scanner are also described.
B65G 17/34 - Individual load-carriers having flat surfaces, e.g. platforms, grids, forks
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
A hybrid radiation detector is described comprising a first energy discriminating detector element selected to be sensitive to incident radiation of a lower energy range and a second detector element selected to be sensitive to incident radiation of a higher energy rage and a second detector element.In embodiments, a first detector element comprises a semiconductor detector; and a second detector element comprises a scintillator detector. The first detector element may thus be suitable to be more responsive to radiation in a first, lower energy range and/ or configured and arranged to collect incident radiation emergent from a target of such energy that the photoelectric effect predominates as an attenuation mode in the target; and the second detector element may thus be suitable to be more responsive to radiation in a second, higher energy range and/ or configured and arranged to collect incident radiation of a generally higher energy. A method of detecting radiation using such a hybrid detector is also described.
A method of fabricating a semiconductor detector device to exhibit a target sensitivity to incident radiation in a predetermined energy range is described, the method comprising: providing a semiconductor detector; defining on a detector surface of the semiconductor detector a large plurality of pixels; wherein the detector is geometry is controlled with reference to the size of the said pixels such that a single interaction event in the predetermined energy range will produce a detectable signal in each of a plurality of adjacent pixels making up a cluster of at least three pixels. A detector fabricated by such a method and a method of obtaining spectral information about incident radiation using such a detector are also described.
A conveyor system is described for use with a scanning apparatus (49) for the scanning of objects (43), such as bottles. The system comprises a transverse conveyor having a conveyor surface (45); a plurality of object support modules(41), each object support module (41) comprising a lower surface that sits upon the conveyor surface (45) of the conveyor and an upper part in which an object receiving recessed portion is defined, wherein the object receiving recessed portion defines an elongate recess having a constant transverse profile. A scanning system comprising the conveyor system in combination with an object scanner and a method of scanning embodying the principles of such a scanner are also described.
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01V 5/02 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for surface logging, e.g. from aircraft
A method of construction of a 3-dimensional image from the scanning of an object by penetrating radiation is described comprising: causing an object to pass through a static radiation field; rotating the object as it passes through the static radiation field; thereby successively collecting a plurality of scanned image slices as the object passes through the radiation field; using the image slices to form a 3-dimensional image. A scanning system for construction of a 3-dimensional image from the scanning of an object by penetrating radiation is also described comprising: an object scanner comprising a radiation generator to generate a static imaging radiation field and a radiation detector spaced therefrom to define an imaging zone; an object handler adapted to cause the object to move relative to and pass through the static imaging radiation field and simultaneously rotate the object as it passes through the static imaging radiation field; an image data collector to successively collect scanned image slices as the object passes through the imaging radiation field; an image data processor to process the image slices to form a 3-dimensional image.
A charging device for portable radiation detector is described comprising a docking module configured to couple operatively to a portable radiation detector and effect a charge transfer connection and a data connection with a detector so coupled;a charge transfer module configured to deliver a charge to a portable radiation detector so coupled in use via the charge transfer connection;a calibration module configured to obtain data relating to a detector performance parameter from a portable radiation detector so coupled in use via the data connection.A method of charging a portable radiation detector in particular using such a device, and a portable radiation detector in combination with such a device are also described.
A method of fabricating a semiconductor detector device to exhibit a target sensitivity to incident radiation in a predetermined energy range is described, the method comprising: providing a semiconductor detector;defining on a detector surface of the semiconductor detector a large plurality of pixels;wherein the detector is geometry is controlled with reference to the size of the said pixels such that a single interaction event in the predetermined energy range will produce a detectable signal in each of a plurality of adjacent pixels making up a cluster of at least three pixels.A detector fabricated by such a method and a method of obtaining spectral information about incident radiation using such a detector are also described.
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
Goods & Services
Electronic sensors and detectors for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; radiation detectors; radiation measuring instruments; radioisotope identification devices, namely, radiation detectors; scintillator radiation detectors; semiconductor radiation detectors; gamma radiation detectors; thermal neutron detectors, namely, radiation detectors; nuclear detectors for detecting radiation particles; radiographic apparatus, namely, x-ray apparatus not for medical use; spectroscopic apparatus, namely, spectroscopes; x-ray spectroscopic apparatus and instruments for non-medical uses; spectrographic apparatus and instruments; scientific apparatus, namely, spectrometers; computer application software for mobile phones, namely, software for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; computer application software for handheld computers, portable media players, laptops, tablet computers and mobile electronic devices, namely, software for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; downloadable cloud-computing software for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; computer software for detection of radiation; computer software for displaying, analyzing, detecting, monitoring, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; computer software for nuclear detection; computer software for monitoring, operating, measuring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums, image processing, image enhancement, signal processing, and database management for x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm software programs for monitoring, operating, measuring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums, image processing, image enhancement, signal processing, and database management for x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus not for medical purposes; imaging apparatus and installations, namely, x-ray imaging apparatus and detectors for non-medical purposes; x-ray analysers, x-ray scanners, x-ray apparatus, and x-ray imaging apparatus, other than for medical use; image processing apparatus for use in non-medical x-ray diagnostics; chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors and semi-conductor chips and semiconductor materials, namely, semi-conductor memories; apparatus and instruments for infra-red imaging, namely, infrared cameras and infrared detection apparatus for non-medical uses; spectral imaging detectors for non-medical uses; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging for non-medical uses; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of images, all being spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment not for medical uses; data processing equipment and computers for use in the field of spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment for non-medical uses; cameras; replacement parts for all of the aforementioned goods
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
Goods & Services
Electronic sensors and detectors for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; radiation detectors; radiation measuring instruments; radioisotope identification devices, namely, radiation detectors; scintillator radiation detectors; semiconductor radiation detectors; gamma radiation detectors; thermal neutron detectors, namely, radiation detectors; nuclear detectors for detecting radiation particles; radiographic apparatus, namely, x-ray apparatus not for medical use; spectroscopic apparatus, namely, spectroscopes; x-ray spectroscopic apparatus and instruments for non-medical uses; spectrographic apparatus and instruments; scientific apparatus, namely, spectrometers; computer application software for mobile phones, namely, software for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; computer application software for handheld computers, portable media players, laptops, tablet computers and mobile electronic devices, namely, software for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; downloadable cloud-computing software for measuring, monitoring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; computer software for detection of radiation; computer software for displaying, analyzing, detecting, monitoring, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums; computer software for nuclear detection; computer software for monitoring, operating, measuring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums, image processing, image enhancement, signal processing, and database management for x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm software programs for monitoring, operating, measuring, analyzing, detecting, displaying, exporting and reporting radiation and spectrums, image processing, image enhancement, signal processing, and database management for x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus not for medical purposes; imaging apparatus and installations, namely, x-ray imaging apparatus and detectors for non-medical purposes; x-ray analysers, x-ray scanners, x-ray apparatus, and x-ray imaging apparatus, other than for medical use; image processing apparatus for use in non-medical x-ray diagnostics; chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors and semi-conductor chips and semiconductor materials, namely, semi-conductor memories; apparatus and instruments for infra-red imaging, namely, infrared cameras and infrared detection apparatus for non-medical uses; spectral imaging detectors for non-medical uses; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging for non-medical uses; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of images, all being spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment not for medical uses; data processing equipment and computers for use in the field of spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment for non-medical uses; cameras; replacement parts for all of the aforementioned goods
A method of operation of a scintillator detector includes a scintillator and a photodetector is described, together with a device embodying the method. The method includes the steps of: periodically producing a light pulse; impinging at least some of the light from a successive plurality of such light pulses onto a light-receptive part of the photodetector; measuring the electrical response of the photodetector; processing the electrical response of the photodetector to determine a pulse height and a variance of pulse height; numerically processing the pulse height and variance of pulse height so determined to obtain at least a first data item characteristic of the response of the photodetector.
A conveyor system for use with a scanning apparatus for scanning of contained materials such as liquids within containers such as bottles. The system includes a transverse conveyor having a conveyor surface, a plurality of container support modules each adapted to seat on the conveyor surface. Each container support module includes a lower surface that sits upon the conveyor surface of the conveyor and upper part in which a container-receiving recessed portion is defined.
B65G 17/12 - Conveyors having an endless traction element, e.g. a chain, transmitting movement to a continuous or substantially-continuous load-carrying surface or to a series of individual load-carriersEndless-chain conveyors in which the chains form the load-carrying surface comprising a series of individual load-carriers fixed, or normally fixed, relative to traction element
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
B65G 17/46 - Means for holding or retaining the loads in fixed position on the load-carriers, e.g. magnetic
A method of operation of a scintillator detector comprising a scintillator and a photodetector is described, together with a device embodying the method. The method comprises the steps of: periodically producing a light pulse; impinging at least some of the light from a successive plurality of such light pulses onto a light- receptive part of the photodetector; measuring the electrical response of the photodetector; processing the electrical response of the photodetector to determine a pulse height and a variance of pulse height; numerically processing the pulse height and variance of pulse height so determined to obtain at least a first data item characteristic of the response of the photodetector. The method additionally or alternatively comprises the steps of: periodically producing a light pulse including light in the ultraviolet spectrum; impinging at least some of the UV light from a successive plurality of such light pulses onto a light-receptive part of the scintillator; inducing photon emission in the scintillator in the visible spectrum; measuring the electrical response of the scintillator; processing the electrical response of the scintillator to obtain at least a data item characteristic of the response of the scintillator; and optionally verifying the electrical response of the scintillator by comparing at least the said data item against a predetermined reference response; and optionally additionally or alternatively outputting a control signal to the photodetector, which signal is modified in part responsive at least to the value of the said data item.
A method of radiological examination of an object for determining the volumetric electron density of a predetermined interrogation region of the object is described. The method comprises the steps of: irradiating the predetermined interrogation region of an object under test with high energy radiation such as x-rays or gamma-rays and collecting radiation emergent from the object at a suitable detector system in such manner that emergent radiation intensity data is collected for the interrogation region of the object under test; numerically processing the radiation intensity data to obtain a first data item correlated to the total number of electrons within the interrogation region; using a non-radiological measuring technique to obtain a second data item correlated the volume of the interrogation region; using the first and second data items to derive an indication of the mean volumetric electron density of the interrogation region.
A61B 6/00 - Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosisApparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
G01N 23/20 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structureInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materialsInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
A61B 6/12 - Arrangements for detecting or locating foreign bodies
36.
Method and apparatus for the inspection of contained materials
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/083 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
37.
Method of spectral data detection and manipulation
A method is for the deconvolution of a statistically noisy spectral dataset is described comprising the steps of: a. obtaining a spectroscopically resolved dataset of measured flux from a sample that has been collected using a suitable detector radiation system; b. generating an initial estimate of the true spectrum; c. modifying the estimate of the true spectrum by a response function of the detector used to collect the measured flux dataset so as to generate an estimate flux dataset; d. computing a merit value for statistical fit between the measured flux dataset and the estimate flux dataset; e. applying a perturbation to a value of the estimate of the true spectrum; f. repeating steps c and d to the estimate of the true spectrum so changed, accepting the change to the estimate of the true spectrum if the resultant merit value indicates an improvement or if the resultant merit value indicates a deterioration of less than a limit margin, and rejecting the change to the estimate of the true spectrum if the resultant merit value indicates a deterioration of more than a limit margin; and g. repeating steps e and f for each further value of the estimate of the true spectrum to obtain a modified estimate of the true spectrum; h. repeating steps c to g for successive modified estimates of the true spectrum while reducing the limit margin. More completely, a method of detection of a spectrally resolved radiation dataset is described embodying the above.
A conveyor system for use with a scanning apparatus for the scanning of contained materials such as liquids and the like, especially within containers such as bottles, is described, comprising a transverse conveyor having a conveyor surface; a plurality of container support modules each adapted to seat on the conveyor surface; wherein each container support module comprises a lower surface that sits upon the conveyor surface of the conveyor and upper part in which a container-receiving recessed portion is defined. A method of conveying bottles using such a system is also described.
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
B65G 17/46 - Means for holding or retaining the loads in fixed position on the load-carriers, e.g. magnetic
39.
Identification of materials from a hydrogen to electron ratio
A method of examination of an object comprising the steps of: applying a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique to obtain a data item correlated to the relative nuclear susceptibility within the sample; obtaining a further data item correlated to another measure of the object under examination; determining therefrom a ratio.
G01N 24/08 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance or other spin effects by using nuclear magnetic resonance
G01N 23/083 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
A method of radiological examination of an object for the identification and detection of the composition the object comprising the steps of: irradiating an object under test with high energy radiation such as x-rays or gamma-rays and collecting radiation emergent from the object at a suitable detector system in such manner that emergent radiation intensity data is collected for the entire volume of the object under test; numerically processing the radiation intensity data to obtain a first data item correlated to the total number of electrons within the sample; applying an alternative method to obtain a second data item correlated to another property of the sample; using the first and second data items to derive an indication of the material content of the sample.
G01N 23/083 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A neutron detection system is described comprising a neutron scintillator detector having a detection area, wherein the detection area is segmented into a plurality of discrete sub-regions, and a light readout system is provided with a corresponding plurality of discrete channels each to detect a respective output of a respective discrete sub-region.
A semiconductor detector device comprising: a detector element comprising at least one active detector layer of piezoelectric semiconductor material; a stress inducing element arranged to act in use on the detector element to generate therein a predetermined pattern of stress, and consequently a predetermined electrical field via the piezoelectric effect. A method of fabrication and of operation of a semiconductor detector device embodying these principles are also described.
A vapor conduit for use in an apparatus for bulk vapor phase crystal growth, an apparatus for bulk vapor phase crystal growth, and a process for bulk vapor phase crystal growth are described. The vapor conduit is a flow conduit defining a passage means adapted for transport of vapor from a source volume to a growth volume, wherein a flow restrictor is provided in the passage means between the source volume and the growth volume and wherein the flow conduit further comprises a flow director structured to direct vapor flow downstream of the flow restrictor away from a longitudinal center line of the conduit and for example towards an edge of the conduit.
C30B 23/00 - Single-crystal growth by condensing evaporated or sublimed materials
C30B 35/00 - Apparatus not otherwise provided for, specially adapted for the growth, production or after-treatment of single crystals or of a homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
A method for the inspection of contained flowable materials within containers, such as detecting an explosive liquid in a luggage, and an apparatus for performing the method are described. The method includes the steps of: - performing a radiation scan, using X-rays or Gamma rays, of a target item container of contained flowable material in a radiation scanning system to derive a spatially distributed and spectroscopically resolved measured dataset of the intensity of radiation emergent from the target item; - considering the spatially distributed and spectroscopically resolved dataset of transmitted radiation intensity to be nominally determined in accordance with a relationship: [Ο] • [δ] = [λ] where the operators [δ] and [λ] definie, respectively, physical parameters describing the liquid and the container and the system response and the operator [Ο] defines the relationships between the system response and the liquid and container parameters; - numerically processing the measured dataset by operator inversion in order to derive a best fit solution of: [δ] = [Ο]-1 • [λ]; and - using that derived solution to determine the threat status of the target item.
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
A method is for the processing of a statistically noisy spectral dataset is described comprising the steps of obtaining a spectroscopically resolved spectrum count dataset representative of measured flux from a sample for example a resolved dataset that has been collected using a suitable detector radiation system; determining a nominal true spectrum; for each event in the spectrum count dataset, applying a perturbation such as a stochastic perturbation to the energy value of the event to produce a modified energy value, and producing thereby a modified spectrum count dataset; computing a statistical fit between the modified spectrum count dataset with such modified energy values and the nominal true spectrum; accepting the modified spectrum count dataset as a better approximation of the true spectrum if this comparison indicates an increased statistical fit between the modified spectrum count dataset and the nominal true spectrum, and rejecting the modified spectrum count dataset if this comparison indicates a reduced statistical fit between the modified spectrum count dataset and the nominal true spectrum; These latter steps may be repeated to produce successive modified spectrum count datasets with progressively improved statistical fit to the nominal true spectrum as required. More completely, a method of detection of a spectrally resolved radiation dataset is described embodying the above.
A method processing an image dataset of radiation emergent from a test object after its irradiation by a suitable radiation source is described which comprises the steps of: generating an image dataset comprising a spatially resolved map of items of intensity data from the radiation emergent from the test object; further, resolving the intensity data items spectroscopically between at least two energy bands across the spectrum of the source; numerically processing the spectroscopically resolved intensity data items to determine a further spatially resolved dataset of data items representative of one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or a density; generating a segmented image dataset using the said dataset of data items representative of one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or a density. The method applied as part of a method for the radiological examination of an object and an apparatus for the same are also described.
G01N 23/00 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
G01N 23/04 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
47.
Method for the radiological investigation of an object
A method of identifying the material content of an object comprises: providing a radiation source and a radiation detector; irradiating a test object with radiation from the source; collecting at the detector system intensity data for radiation emergent from the test object; resolving the intensity data spectroscopically between a plural set of energy bands; numerically processing the spectroscopically resolved intensity data via the following steps: considering a material attenuation coefficient as a plural set of energy dependent polynomial equations in atomic number with a set of energy dependent coefficients across the said plural set of energy bands; determining a measured attenuation coefficient at each said energy band; calculating therefrom one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or density and for example a Compound Proton Number Set comprising plural order powers and preferably plural higher order powers of weighted compound atomic number.
G01N 23/04 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A method for monitoring objects for example for facilitating the identification and/or authentication of objects comprises: in a first recording phase: irradiating an object with a suitable source of radiation, collecting intensity information about radiation emergent from the object, resolving the intensity information spectroscopically between at least two energy bands, and storing the resultant dataset as a reference dataset; and in a second verification phase: irradiating an object with a suitable source of radiation, collecting intensity information about radiation emergent from the object, resolving the intensity information spectroscopically between at least two energy bands, and using the resultant dataset as a test dataset; identifying the object and retrieving its corresponding reference dataset; comparing the test dataset and the reference dataset within predetermined tolerance limits, and: in the event that the reference dataset and the test dataset correspond within the predetermined tolerance limits, treating the object as verified or in the event that the reference dataset and the test dataset differ by more than the predetermined tolerance limits, in a third identification phase: numerically processing the resolved intensity information from the test dataset to derive therefrom a dataset of information characteristic of the composition of the object, and using this information to identify the composition of the object.
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
G01N 23/04 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
49.
METHOD OF SPECTRAL DATA DETECTION AND MANIPULATION
A method is for the deconvolution of a statistically noisy spectral dataset is described comprising the steps of: a. obtaining a spectroscopically resolved dataset of measured flux from a sample that has been collected using a suitable detector radiation system; b. generating an initial estimate of the true spectrum; c. modifying the estimate of the true spectrum by a response function of the detector used to collect the measured flux dataset so as to generate an estimate flux dataset; d. computing a merit value for statistical fit between the measured flux dataset and the estimate flux dataset; e. applying a perturbation to a value of the estimate of the true spectrum; f. repeating steps c and d to the estimate of the true spectrum so changed, accepting the change to the estimate of the true spectrum if the resultant merit value indicates an improvement or if the resultant merit value indicates a deterioration of less than a limit margin, and rejecting the change to the estimate of the true spectrum if the resultant merit value indicates a deterioration of more than a limit margin; and g. repeating steps e and f for each further value of the estimate of the true spectrum to obtain a modified estimate of the true spectrum; h. repeating steps c to g for successive modified estimates of the true spectrum while reducing the limit margin. More completely, a method of detection of a spectrally resolved radiation dataset is described embodying the above.
A method of radiological examination of an object for the identification and detection of the composition the object comprising the steps of: irradiating an object under test with high energy radiation such as x-rays or gamma- rays and collecting radiation emergent from the object at a suitable detector system in such manner that emergent radiation intensity data is collected for the entire volume of the object under test; numerically processing the radiation intensity data to obtain a first data item correlated to the total number of electrons within the sample; applying an alternative method to obtain a second data item correlated to another property of the sample; using the first and second data items to derive an indication of the material content of the sample.
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
51.
IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS FROM A HYDROGEN TO ELECTRON RATIO
A method of examination of an object comprising the steps of: applying a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technique to obtain a data item correlated to the relative nuclear susceptibility within the sample; obtaining a further data item correlated to another measure of the object under examination; determining therefrom a ratio.
G01N 23/20 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structureInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materialsInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
G01N 23/083 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
52.
STRESSED SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTOR WITH PIEZOELECTRICAL COMPONENT
A semiconductor detector device comprising: a detector element comprising at least one active detector layer of piezoelectric semiconductor material; a stress inducing element arranged to act in use on the detector element to generate therein a predetermined pattern of stress, and consequently a predetermined electrical field via the piezoelectric effect. A method of fabrication and of operation of a semiconductor detector device embodying these principles are also described.
A vapour conduit for use in an apparatus for bulk vapour phase crystal growth, an apparatus for bulk vapour phase crystal growth, and a process for bulk vapour phase crystal growth are described. The vapour conduit is a flow conduit defining a passage means adapted for transport of vapour from a source volume to a growth volume, wherein a flow restrictor is provided in the passage means between the source volume and the growth volume and wherein the flow conduit further comprises a flow director structured to direct vapour flow downstream of the flow restrictor away from a longitudinal centre line of the conduit and for example towards an edge of the conduit.
C30B 23/00 - Single-crystal growth by condensing evaporated or sublimed materials
C30B 35/00 - Apparatus not otherwise provided for, specially adapted for the growth, production or after-treatment of single crystals or of a homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
A radiation detector device is described comprising a detection module, a processing module, and a display module, wherein the detection module includes a detector adapted to detect incident radiation in spectroscopically resolved manner in plural separate energy bands; the processing module is adapted to process the spectroscopically resolved data numerically and thereby to produce at least a first data item indicative of a measure of radiation incident at the detector and a second data item indicative of a statistical certainty applicable to the first data item; the display module is adapted to produce a display representative of both the first data item and the second data item. A radiation detection method, a kit of parts for implementing the same for example in combination with a suitable programmable device, and associated concepts, are also described.
A method of and device for processing a radiation pulse are described based on: detecting an event at the detector; producing a pulse; determining for the pulse: a pulse height measurement representative of pulse magnitude; a pulse width measurement representative of pulse duration; assigning the pulse to one of at least two classes based on the determined pulse height/pulse width; applying to each pulse an algorithm specific to its particular class to produce an output pulse height/pulse width profile.
A method is described for the combined processing of spectral data from a plurality of radiation detectors (4,6), in particular with a plurality of response functions, comprising: obtaining a response matrix for each detector (4,6); collecting data from radiation incident at each detector (4,6); producing a spectral histogram for the collected data from each detector (4,6); deconvoluting the histograms from each detector by applying a suitable numerical deconvolution such as a Bayesian deconvolution that makes use of the response matrix for each detector to derive a single spectral histogram that representatively combines information from the plurality of detectors. An apparatus, such as a hybrid detector apparatus, to which the method can be applied is also described.
G01T 1/36 - Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation
G01N 23/02 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
A method is described for the detection of radiation from an item (2) intended for human consumption such as a food or drink item by combined processing of spectral data from a plurality of radiation detectors (4, 6), in particular with a plurality of response functions, comprising: collecting data from radiation incident at each detector (4, 6); producing a spectral histogram for the collected data from each detector (4, 6); deconvoluting the histograms from each detector (4, 6) by applying a suitable numerical deconvolution such as a Bayesian deconvolution and in particular that makes use of the response matrix for each detector (4, 6) to derive a single spectral histogram that representatively combines information from the plurality of detectors (4, 6). An apparatus, such as a hybrid detector apparatus, to which the method can be applied is also described.
A portable detector system for the processing of data derived from incident radiation is described comprising: a plurality of separately addressable radiation detectors having at least two different known response properties;a processing device comprising: a collection module to collect data from radiation incident at each detector and produce a spectral histogram for the collected data from each detector;a deconvolution module to deconvolve the histograms from each detector to derive a single spectral histogram that representatively combines information from the plurality of detectors;the plurality of separately addressable radiation detectors and the processing device being associated together in compact and portable manner, for example within a common casing.
G01T 1/36 - Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation
G06F 19/00 - Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific applications (specially adapted for specific functions G06F 17/00;data processing systems or methods specially adapted for administrative, commercial, financial, managerial, supervisory or forecasting purposes G06Q;healthcare informatics G16H)
G06K 17/00 - Methods or arrangements for effecting co-operative working between equipments covered by two or more of main groups , e.g. automatic card files incorporating conveying and reading operations
01 - Chemical and biological materials for industrial, scientific and agricultural use
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
10 - Medical apparatus and instruments
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
44 - Medical, veterinary, hygienic and cosmetic services; agriculture, horticulture and forestry services
Goods & Services
Chemicals and crystals used in industry and science; cadmium
telluride crystals; cadmium zinc telluride crystals;
radiographic materials for use in imaging processes; imaging
materials; crystals for use in radiation detection;
chemicals for use in semiconductor manufacture. Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic,
cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling,
checking (supervision), life saving and teaching apparatus
and instruments; apparatus for recording, transmission or
reproduction of sound or images; data processing equipment
and computers, computer software; apparatus for recording,
transmission or reproduction of images, all being
spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and
equipment; data processing equipment and computers for use
in the field of spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray
analysers and equipment; computer software for use with
electronic devices and equipment, telephones, mobile
telephones, smartphones, communication devices and wireless
communication devices; mobile telephones; smart phones;
software applications including applications for
installation on telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones,
communication devices and wireless communication devices;
applications for mobile telephones and for smartphones;
imaging apparatus and installations; image scanners; x-ray
analysers and apparatus (other than for medical use); x-ray
scanners for non medical use; x-ray imaging apparatus, other
than for medical use; image processing apparatus for use in
non medical x-ray diagnostics; apparatus for use in the
inspection of baggage by means of x-rays; apparatus for the
detection of explosives; chromatic imaging detectors;
semiconductors, semi conductor chips and semiconductor
materials; radiographic apparatus; spectroscopic apparatus;
x-ray spectroscopic apparatus and instruments;
spectrographic apparatus and instruments; spectrometers;
spectral imaging detectors; computer software for use with
x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm
software programmes for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging
apparatus; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection
analysis and imaging; apparatus and instruments for
radiation detection, analysis and imaging based on the
Cadmium Telluride family of materials; apparatus and
instruments for infra-red imaging; apparatus and instruments
containing metrology and spectrographic capability;
apparatus and instruments containing metrology and
spectrographic capability based on the Cadmium Telluride
family of materials; detectors; radiation detectors; parts
and fittings for the aforesaid. Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and
instruments; medical imaging apparatus and medical scanners;
x-ray apparatus for medical use; x-ray scanners for medical
use; image processing apparatus for use in medical x-ray
diagnostics; radiographic and spectroscopic apparatus for
medical use, parts and fittings for the aforesaid. Scientific and technological services and research,
development and design relating thereto; industrial analysis
and research services; design and development of computer
hardware and software including specific algorithm design,
test and implementation; development of algorithms for use
in imaging apparatus and x-ray scanners; scientific and
technological services relating to the research, design and
development of apparatus and instruments for use in x-ray
scanning and imaging; design, development and production of
spectroscopic, spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic,
x-ray and imaging apparatus; design and development of
mobile telephone and smartphone applications, and their
implementation and integration; design and development of
computer software for use with electronic devices and
equipment, telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones,
communication devices and wireless communication devices;
design and development of apparatus and instruments for
radiation detection, analysis and imaging; information,
advisory and consultancy services in relation to all of the
aforementioned services. Medical, veterinary and dental services; medical processes
involving imaging diagnosis or analysis of samples;
dentistry including imaging for cosmetic, repair or
reconstruction purposes; x-ray services; information,
advisory and consultancy services in relation to all of the
aforementioned services.
A detector device is described comprising an x-ray detector structure having a detection surface defining at least one separately addressable region for detecting incident x-ray radiation intensity thereon, wherein the separately addressable region is divided into a plurality of sub-regions provided on the detection surface each provided with a filter layer on the detection surface, the filter layers of a given separately addressable region comprising discrete and different materials with discrete defined and spectroscopically spaced x-ray absorption edges. A method of device manufacture, and an apparatus and method for the inspection and characterization of materials employing such a detector device, are also described.
G01N 23/00 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A method for monitoring objects for example for facilitating the identification and/or authentication of objects comprises: in a first recording phase: irradiating an object with a suitable source of radiation, collecting intensity information about radiation emergent from the object, resolving the intensity information spectroscopically between at least two energy bands, and storing the resultant dataset as a reference dataset;and in a second verification phase: irradiating an object with a suitable source of radiation, collecting intensity information about radiation emergent from the object, resolving the intensity information spectroscopically between at least two energy bands, and using the resultant dataset as a test dataset; identifying the object and retrieving its corresponding reference dataset; comparing the test dataset and the reference dataset within predetermined tolerance limits, and: in the event that the reference dataset and the test dataset correspond within the predetermined tolerance limits, treating the object as verified or in the event that the reference dataset and the test dataset differ by more than the predetermined tolerance limits, in a third identification phase: numerically processing the resolved intensity information from the test dataset to derive therefrom a dataset of information characteristic of the composition of the object, and using this information to identify the composition of the object.
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
62.
METHOD FOR THE RADIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF AN OBJECT
A method of identifying the material content of an object comprises: providing a radiation source and a radiation detector; irradiating a test object with radiation from the source; collecting at the detector system intensity data for radiation emergent from the test object; resolving the intensity data spectroscopically between a plural set of energy bands; numerically processing the spectroscopically resolved intensity data via the following steps: considering a material attenuation coefficient as a plural set of energy dependent polynomial equations in atomic number with a set of energy dependent coefficients across the said plural set of energy bands; determining a measured attenuation coefficient at each said energy band; calculating therefrom one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or density and for example a Compound Proton Number Set comprising plural order powers and preferably plural higher order powers of weighted compound atomic number.
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
A method processing an image dataset of radiation emergent from a test object after its irradiation by a suitable radiation source is described which comprises the steps of: generating an image dataset comprising a spatially resolved map of items of intensity data from the radiation emergent from the test object; further, resolving the intensity data items spectroscopically between at least two energy bands across the spectrum of the source; numerically processing the spectroscopically resolved intensity data items to determine a further spatially resolved dataset of data items representative of one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or a density; generating a segmented image dataset using the said dataset of data items representative of one or more orders of Compound Proton Number and/or effective mass thickness and/or a density. The method applied as part of a method for the radiological examination of an object and an apparatus for the same are also described.
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
64.
Cross calibration of two energy dispersive X-ray baggage screening systems including transformation of the reference database
A method of calibration of a dataset for spectroscopically resolved radiation scanning, comprising the steps of: generating an apparatus condition specific calibration dataset of emergent radiation intensity information generated after interaction in the scanning zone of at least one standard object spectroscopically resolved into a plurality of frequency bands; providing a transferable database comprising a dataset of transferable data items of emergent intensity information for a range of component materials, each spectroscopically resolved into a plurality of frequency bands and linked to the condition specific calibration dataset; defining a reference calibration dataset; generating a transfer function between the data item and the reference calibration dataset; applying the transfer function to the transferable data item to generate a dynamic data item adjusted to the reference calibration; populating a data register with a dynamic dataset comprising a dataset of data items each dynamically adjusted to the reference calibration.
G01N 23/02 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
An apparatus for vapour phase crystal growth is described comprising an envelope assembly having at least one source module defining at least one source volume, at least one growth module defining at least one growth volume, and at least one manifold module defining at least one manifold volume, wherein one or more source modules, a manifold module and a growth module are configured co-operably to define a fluidly continuous envelope volume including a flow restrictor between each source volume and the growth volume; a vacuum vessel containing one or more such envelope assemblies; an evacuator to evacuate the vacuum vessel; a fluid communication path between the envelope volume and the vacuum vessel associated with each source volume at a location on the source volume side of its associated flow restrictor that is configurable to be open during evacuation; and a closure mechanism configured to selectively restrict, and preferably substantially close, the fluid communication path between each source volume and the vacuum vessel after evacuation. A method of employing such an apparatus for vapour phase crystal growth, including a method of preparing such an apparatus for vapour phase crystal growth in an evacuation phase, are also described.
Crystal growth apparatus having a source chamber (20) configured to contain a source material, a growth chamber (50), a passage (40) for transport of vapour from the source chamber (20) to the growth chamber (50), and a support (70) provided within the growth chamber (50) and configured to support a seed crystal (60). The coefficient of thermal expansion of the support (70) is greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the growth chamber (50).
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic,
cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signaling,
checking (supervision), life saving and teaching apparatus
and instruments; apparatus for recording, transmission or
reproduction of sound or images; data processing equipment
and computers, computer software; imaging apparatus and
installations; image scanners; x-ray analysers and apparatus
(other than for medical use); x-ray scanners for non medical
use; x-ray imaging apparatus, other than for medical use;
image processing apparatus for use in non medical x-ray
diagnostics; apparatus for use in the inspection of baggage
by means of x-rays; apparatus for the detection of
explosives; chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors,
semiconductor chips and semiconductor elements; radiographic
apparatus; spectroscopic apparatus; x-ray spectroscopic
apparatus and instruments; spectrographic apparatus and
instruments; spectrometers; gamma ray spectrometers;
spectral imaging detectors; computer software for use with
x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm
software programmes for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging
apparatus; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection
analysis and imaging; apparatus and instruments for
radiation detection analysis and imaging based on the
Cadmium Telluride family of materials; apparatus and
instruments for infra-red imaging; apparatus and instruments
containing metrology and spectrographic capability;
apparatus and instruments containing metrology and
spectrographic capability based on the Cadmium Telluride
family of materials; parts and fittings for the aforesaid. Custom manufacture, for others, of spectroscopic,
spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic, x-ray and imaging
apparatus. Scientific and technological services and research,
development and design relating thereto; industrial analysis
and research services; design and development of computer
hardware and software including specific algorithm design,
test and implementation; development of algorithms for use
in imaging apparatus and x-ray scanners; scientific and
technological services relating to the research, design and
development of apparatus and instruments for use in x ray
scanning and imaging; design and development of
spectroscopic, spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic,
x-ray and imaging apparatus.
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
Apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of images, all being spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment; [ data processing equipment and computers for use in the field of spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment; ] computer software for measuring, detecting, analysing and generating information about radioactive sources for use with electronic devices and equipment,[ telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones, ] communication devices and wireless communication devices; [ mobile telephones; smart phones; ] software applications for measuring, detecting, analysing and generating information about radioactive sources for installation on [ telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones, ] communication devices and wireless communication devices; [ applications for measuring, detecting, analysing and generating information about radioactive sources for mobile telephones and for smartphones; ] radioactive imaging apparatus [ and installations; image scanners; x-ray analysers and apparatus not for medical purposes; x-ray scanners not for medical purposes; x-ray imaging apparatus not for medical purposes ] ; spectroscopic image processing apparatus not for medical purposes for diagnosing radioactive sources; [ apparatus for use in the inspection of baggage by means of x-rays; ] apparatus for the detection of explosives; [ chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors, semi conductor chips and semiconductor materials; radiographic apparatus, namely, computed tomography scanners not for medical use; ] spectroscopic apparatus; [ x-ray spectroscopic apparatus and instruments; ] spectrographic apparatus and instruments; spectrometers; spectral imaging detectors; [ computer operating software for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm software programmes for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; ] apparatus and instruments for radiation detection, analysis and imaging; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection, analysis and imaging based on the cadmium telluride family of materials; [ apparatus and instruments for infra-red imaging; ] apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability, namely, spectrometers, nuclear, [ x-ray ] and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors [, replacement parts and fittings for spectrometers, nuclear, x-ray and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors for industrial non-medical use, and non medical x-ray apparatus used for inspection of baggage, beverages, foodstuffs, toiletries, cosmetics, electronic assemblies and containers and for the detection of explosives, narcotics and counterfeit goods ] ; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability based on the cadmium telluride family of materials, namely, spectrometers, nuclear, [ x-ray ] and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors [, replacement parts and fittings for spectrometers, nuclear, x-ray and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors for industrial non-medical use, and non medical x-ray apparatus used for inspection of baggage, beverages, foodstuffs, toiletries, cosmetics, electronic assemblies and containers and for the detection of explosives, narcotics and counterfeit goods ] ; radiation detectors; parts and fittings for the aforesaid [ Scientific research; industrial analysis, namely, analysis of industrial fluids, foodstuffs, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, toiletries, cosmetics, perfumes, aftershaves, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, narcotics, drugs, reagents, oils and additives and electronic, hydraulic and mechanical components, assemblies and equipment; design and development of computer hardware and software including specific algorithm design, test and implementation; development of algorithms for use in imaging apparatus and x-ray scanners; research, design and development of apparatus and instruments for use in x-ray scanning and imaging; design and development of spectroscopic, spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic, x-ray and imaging apparatus; design and development of mobile telephone and smartphone applications, and their implementation and integration; design and development of computer software for use with electronic devices and equipment, telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones, communication devices and wireless communication devices; design and development of radiation detectors; information, advisory and consultancy services in relation to all of the aforementioned services ]
A method of and device for processing a radiation pulse are described based on: detecting an event at the detector; producing a pulse; determining for the pulse: a pulse height measurement representative of pulse magnitude; a pulse width measurement representative of pulse duration; assigning the pulse to one of at least two classes based on the determined pulse height / pulse width; applying to each pulse an algorithm specific to its particular class to produce an output pulse height / pulse width profile.
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
[Custom manufacture, for others, of spectroscopic, spectrographic, [ infra-red, ] radiographic, x-ray and imaging apparatus] [ Apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of images; ] data processing equipment and computers; computer software for [ image enhancement, image processing, ] signal processing and database management in the fields of spectrography, x-ray, gamma-ray and nuclear imaging; imaging apparatus and installations, namely, x-ray, gamma ray and nuclear imaging apparatus and detectors for industrial non-medical use; [ imaging scanners; ] x-ray analyzers, scanners and imaging apparatus other than for medical use, namely, apparatus for use in the inspection of baggage, beverages, foodstuffs, toiletries, cosmetics, electronic assemblies and containers by means of x-rays and apparatus for the detection of narcotics and counterfeit goods; apparatus for use in the inspection of baggage by means of x-rays; apparatus for the detection of explosives, namely, non-medical x-ray analyzers, scanners and image apparatus; chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors and semiconductor chips; [ radiographic apparatus, namely, Computed tomography scanners not for medical use; ] spectroscopic apparatus; x-ray spectroscopic apparatus [ and instruments ] for non-medical use; spectrographic apparatus and instruments; spectrometers; spectral imaging detectors; computer operating software for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging based on the Cadmium Telluride family of materials; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability, namely, spectrometers, nuclear, x-ray and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors, replacement structural parts and fittings for spectrometers, nuclear, x-ray and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors for industrial non-medical use, and non-medical x-ray apparatus used for inspection of baggage, beverages, foodstuffs, toiletries, cosmetics, electronic assemblies and containers and for the detection of explosives, narcotics and counterfeit goods; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability based on the Cadmium Telluride family of materials, namely, spectrometers, nuclear, x-ray and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors for industrial non-medical use, replacement structural parts and fittings for spectrometers, nuclear, x-ray and gamma ray imaging apparatus and detectors for industrial non-medical use, and non-medical x-ray apparatus used for inspection of baggage, beverages, foodstuffs, toiletries, cosmetics, electronic assemblies and containers and for the detection of explosives, narcotics and counterfeit goods [Scientific research; industrial analysis, namely, analysis of industrial fluids, foodstuffs, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, toiletries, cosmetics, perfumes, aftershaves, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, narcotics, drugs, reagents, oils and additives and electronic, hydraulic and mechanical components, assemblies and equipment; design and development of computer hardware and software including specific algorithm design, test and implementation; development of algorithms for use in [ imaging apparatus and ] x-ray scanners; scientific research, design and development of apparatus and instruments for use in x-ray scanning and imaging; design, and development of spectroscopic, spectrographic, radiographic, x-ray and imaging apparatus]
01 - Chemical and biological materials for industrial, scientific and agricultural use
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
10 - Medical apparatus and instruments
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
44 - Medical, veterinary, hygienic and cosmetic services; agriculture, horticulture and forestry services
Goods & Services
Chemicals and crystals used in industry and science; Cadmium Telluride crystals; Cadmium Zinc Telluride crystals; radiographic materials for use in imaging processes; imaging materials; crystals for use in radiation detection; chemicals for use in semiconductor manufacture. Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; data processing equipment and computers, computer software; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of images, all being spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment; data processing equipment and computers for use in the field of spectroscopic, nuclear, gamma ray and x-ray analysers and equipment; computer software for use with electronic devices and equipment, telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones, communication devices and wireless communication devices; mobile telephones; smart phones; software applications including applications for installation on telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones, communication devices and wireless communication devices; applications for mobile telephones and for smartphones; imaging apparatus and installations; image scanners; x-ray analysers and apparatus (other than for medical use); x-ray scanners for non medical use; x-ray imaging apparatus, other than for medical use; image processing apparatus for use in non medical x-ray diagnostics; apparatus for use in the inspection of baggage by means of x-rays; apparatus for the detection of explosives; chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors, semi conductor chips and semiconductor materials; radiographic apparatus; spectroscopic apparatus; x-ray spectroscopic apparatus and instruments; spectrographic apparatus and instruments; spectrometers; spectral imaging detectors; computer software for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm software programmes for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection, analysis and imaging based on the Cadmium Telluride family of materials; apparatus and instruments for infra-red imaging; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability based on the Cadmium Telluride family of materials; detectors; radiation detectors; parts and fittings for the aforesaid. Surgical, medical, dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments; medical imaging apparatus and medical scanners; x-ray apparatus for medical use; x-ray scanners for medical use; image processing apparatus for use in medical x-ray diagnostics; radiographic and spectroscopic apparatus for medical use, parts and fittings for the aforesaid. Scientific and technological services and research, development and design relating thereto; industrial analysis and research services; design and development of computer hardware and software including specific algorithm design, test and implementation; development of algorithms for use in imaging apparatus and x-ray scanners; scientific and technological services relating to the research, design and development of apparatus and instruments for use in x-ray scanning and imaging; design, development and production of spectroscopic, spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic, x-ray and imaging apparatus; design and development of mobile telephone and smartphone applications, and their implementation and integration; design and development of computer software for use with electronic devices and equipment, telephones, mobile telephones, smartphones, communication devices and wireless communication devices; design and development of apparatus and instruments for radiation detection, analysis and imaging; information, advisory and consultancy services in relation to all of the aforementioned services. Medical, veterinary and dental services; medical processes involving imaging diagnosis or analysis of samples; dentistry including imaging for cosmetic, repair or reconstruction purposes; x-ray services; information, advisory and consultancy services in relation to all of the aforementioned services.
A method of fabrication of electrical contact structures on a semiconductor material includes depositing an oxide of a desired contact material by a chemical electroless process on a face of the semiconductor material and reducing the oxide via a chemical electroless process to produce a contact of the desired contact material. A method of fabrication of a semiconductor device incorporating such electrical contact structures and a semiconductor device incorporating such electrical contact structures are also described.
A method and apparatus for correction of detected radiation data from a semiconductor device are described. The method comprising the steps of measuring a pulse energy reading from radiation incident at the semiconductor device; filtering the signal and determining the time that the filtered signal exceeds a predetermined threshold energy; if the determined time is within predetermined parameter(s) comprising at least a predetermined maximum, storing the pulse energy reading in a first, pulse energy data register; if the determined time is above a predetermined maximum, discarding the pulse energy reading and incrementing a count in a second, discard data register; repeating the above steps to acquire a dataset of pulse energy readings of a desired size in the first data register; and on completion of such acquisition; using the discard data register to supplement the dataset of pulse energy readings by numerically correcting discarded counts and adding back into the dataset of pulse energy readings.
A two step method of scanning objects to gain information about material content comprises the steps of providing a radiation source and a radiation detector system spaced therefrom to define a scanning zone therebetween. In a first scanning step, an object is moved relative to the source and detector system, intensity information about radiation incident at the detector system after interaction with the object as it passes through the scanning zone is collected, variation of intensity as the object moves through the scanning zone is used to identify anomalous structures and/or absence of homogeneity in the object. In a second, subsequent scanning step an object is located in fixed position in the scanning zone and collecting intensity information collected, analysed against a suitable functional relationship relating transmitted to incident intensity, and the results compared with a library of suitable data to provide an indication of material content.
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01N 23/12 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid
An apparatus and method for generating and displaying an image of an object is described and includes a radiation source and a series of at least two linear detectors capable of detecting incident radiation after transmission through an object to define a scanning zone there between. The object is moved relative to and through the scanning zone in successive passes along at least two linear directions at an angle to each other. An image generation apparatus generates for each successive pass at least a first image from the first linear detector, a second image from the second linear detector, and a third image. An image display is adapted successively to display at least the first, second and third images and display the monocular movement parallax between the images. Each image is processed before display to reduce distortion attributable to beam spreading in a direction perpendicular to a scan direction.
An apparatus and method are described for obtaining radiation interaction data from an object to enable better determination of the composition of the object. A radiation source and a radiation detector system are used to collect both transmitted and scattered radiation, preferably including radiation from at least one forward scatter mode. The detector system is capable of detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolvable information about incident radiation. Each intensity dataset is resolved across at least three of energy bands within the spectrum of the source, and this data may then be processed numerically to enable better determination of the composition of the object.
09 - Scientific and electric apparatus and instruments
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
42 - Scientific, technological and industrial services, research and design
Goods & Services
Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signaling, checking (supervision), life saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; data processing equipment and computers, computer software; imaging apparatus and installations; image scanners; x-ray analysers and apparatus (other than for medical use); x-ray scanners for non medical use; x-ray imaging apparatus, other than for medical use; image processing apparatus for use in non medical x-ray diagnostics; apparatus for use in the inspection of baggage by means of x-rays; apparatus for the detection of explosives; chromatic imaging detectors; semiconductors, semi conductor chips and semiconductor elements; radiographic apparatus; spectroscopic apparatus; x-ray spectroscopic apparatus and instruments; spectrographic apparatus and instruments; spectrometers; gamma ray spectrometers; spectral imaging detectors; computer software for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; computer algorithm software programmes for use with x-ray, scanning and imaging apparatus; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging; apparatus and instruments for radiation detection analysis and imaging based on the Cadmium Telluride family of materials; apparatus and instruments for infra-red imaging; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability; apparatus and instruments containing metrology and spectrographic capability based on the Cadmium Telluride family of materials; parts and fittings for the aforesaid. Custom manufacture, for others, of spectroscopic, spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic, x-ray and imaging apparatus. Scientific and technological services and research, development and design relating thereto; industrial analysis and research services; design and development of computer hardware and software including specific algorithm design, test and implementation; development of algorithms for use in imaging apparatus and x-ray scanners; scientific and technological services relating to the research, design and development of apparatus and instruments for use in x ray scanning and imaging; design and development of spectroscopic, spectrographic, infra-red, radiographic, x-ray and imaging apparatus.
A method of bonding a semiconductor structure to a substrate to effect both a mechanical bond and a selectively patterned conductive bond, comprising the steps of mechanically bonding a semiconductor structure to a substrate by means of a bonding layer; providing gaps in the bonding layer generally corresponding to a desired conductive bond pattern; providing vias though the substrate generally positioned at the gaps in the bonding layer; causing electrically conductive material to contact the semiconductor structure exposed through the vias. A device made in accordance with the method is also described.
A detector apparatus is described for scanning of and obtaining radiation data from an object and generating an image therefrom. The apparatus comprises a radiation detector system spaced therefrom to define a scanning zone and to collect a dataset of information about radiation incident at the detector after interaction with an object and to resolve collected information spatially in two dimensions across a scan area and spectroscopically across a plurality of frequency bands in the spectrum of the source. A detector exhibits a spectroscopically variable response across at least a part of the spectrum of the source and to resolve collected information spatially with a rastering module configured to divide the scanning area into a plurality of pixels two dimensions; and a control to move the detector to scan such pixels successively and thereby collect a dataset for each pixel. A method is also described.
A detector device is described comprising an x-ray detector structure having a detection surface defining at least one separately addressable region for detecting incident x-ray radiation intensity thereon, wherein the separately addressable region is divided into a plurality of sub-regions provided on the detection surface each provided with a filter layer on the detection surface, the filter layers of a given separately addressable region comprising discrete and different materials with discrete defined and spectroscopically spaced x-ray absorption edges. A method of device manufacture, and an apparatus and method for the inspection and characterisation of materials employing such a detector device, are also described.
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A method and system for facilitating the identification and/ or authentication of objects, and to a method and system for the marking of objects with an identity and/ or as of authentic origin, anda set of objects marked to facilitate subsequent identification and/ or authentication are described. The marking comprises incorporating into an object or part thereof or onto a tag mechanically engaged therewith a marker material exhibiting a characteristic radiation interaction response to incident high- energy ionizing radiation from a test source that is known to vary spectroscopically across the spectrum of the source. The presence or otherwise of the marker material may be determined by subsequent interrogation of an object with a suitable radiation source and detector to infer whether an object is of marked identity or origin.
G01N 23/223 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by measuring secondary emission from the material by irradiating the sample with X-rays or gamma-rays and by measuring X-ray fluorescence
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A method and apparatus are described for the collection and interpretation of radiographic data from an object scanned by a suitable radiation source. A radiation detector system is provided that is detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolved information. An object is scanned from a plurality of perspectives, and the resultant data from each perspective resolved into at least three spectroscopic energy bands. For each such resolved spectroscopic energy band an image analysis is performed to derive depth slicing to produce a series of output datasets each comprising a 2-D dataset of intensity information resolved to a single energy band and depth slice.
To check the content of for example baggage containers at security checkpoints an X-ray system determines the X-ray transmission spectrum of the container and compares the spectrum with spectra of known contraband materials in a reference database. Slight variations between different X-ray systems require the reference database to be adapted to each individual X-ray system. According to the invention two X-ray systems A and B are cross - calibrated using a step wedge, which yields a transfer function for conversion of measured data from system A to system B. This transfer function is used to transfer the reference database of system A to system B.
G01D 18/00 - Testing or calibrating apparatus or arrangements provided for in groups
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
o=exp[−(μ/ρ)ρt] in respect of the constituent component materials and derive therefrom an indication of relative proportions of each constituent component material. An image may be generated from the resolved transmitted intensity data.
G01N 23/06 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
G01N 23/083 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays
H05G 1/64 - Circuit arrangements for X-ray apparatus incorporating electronic image converters, e.g. image intensifiers
86.
Semiconductor device and method of manufacture thereof
A structure including a substrate, an intermediate layer provided and formed directly onto the substrate, a transition region, and a group II-VI bulk crystal material provided and formed as an extension of the transition region. The transition region acts to change the structure from the underlying substrate to that of the bulk crystal. In a method of manufacture, a similar technique can be used for growing the transition region and the bulk crystal layer.
Device and method of forming a device in which a substrate (10) is fabricated with at least part of an electronic circuit for processing signals. A bulk single crystal material (14) is formed on the substrate, either directly on the substrate (10) or with an intervening thin film layer or transition region (12). A particular application of the device is for a radiation detector.
H01L 27/14 - Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy
88.
METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF MATERIALS IN A CONTAINER
Method for the identification of a homogeneous material (e.g. a liquid) in a container (e.g. a bottle) by measuring its X-ray or gamma spectrum and deriving its specific attenuation function. The method comprises building a database of the attenuation functions of empty containers, of containers filled with various fluid materials and of the contained fluid materials itself (by subtracting or devoluting the empty-container-attenuation-function from the filled-container-attenuation-function), recording the spectrum of an unknown material in a container and comparing this spectrum to the spectra in the database.
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A method of fabrication of electrical contact structures on a semiconductor material is described comprising the steps of: depositing an oxide of a desired contact material by a chemical electroless process on a face of the semiconductor material; and reducing the oxide via a chemical electroless process to produce a contact of the desired contact material. A method of fabrication of a semiconductor device incorporating such electrical contact structures and a semiconductor device incorporating such electrical contact structures are also described.
A method and apparatus for correction of detected radiation data from a semiconductor device are described. The method comprising the steps of measuring a pulse energy reading from radiation incident at the semiconductor device; filtering the signal and determining the time that the filtered signal exceeds a predetermined threshold energy; if the determined time is within predetermined parameter(s) comprising at least a predetermined maximum, storing the pulse energy reading in a first, pulse energy data register; if the determined time is above a predetermined maximum, discarding the pulse energy reading and incrementing a count in a second, discard data register; repeating the above steps to acquire a dataset of pulse energy readings of a desired size in the first data register; and on completion of such acquisition; using the discard data register to supplement the dataset of pulse energy readings by numerically correcting discarded counts and adding back into the dataset of pulse energy readings.
A method of and apparatus for obtaining radiation interaction data related to an image of an object. The method involves using a detector system for detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolvable information about incident radiation, and collecting one or more datasets of information at the detector after interaction with an object. Each dataset is resolved across at least three frequency bands within the spectrum of the source. The ratio between measured intensities is evaluated for at least two pairs of such frequency bands in a given intensity dataset to obtain a numerical indicator in functional relationship with a material property. The numerical indicator is then compared with a library of data characteristics of target materials. An apparatus is also disclosed for inspection of materials.
G01N 23/06 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
An apparatus and method for generating and displaying an image of an object is described. Use is made of a radiation source and a series of at least two but preferably three or more linear detectors ( 3a to 3 c ) capable of detecting incident radiation after transmission through an object ( 9 ) spaced therefrom to define a scanning zone there between; means to cause an object to move relative to and through the scanning zone in use in successive passes along at least two linear directions at an angle to each other; an image generation apparatus to generate for each successive pass at least a first image from the output of a first linear detector, a second image from the output of second linear detector, and a third image; an image display adapted successively to display at least the first, second and third such images and thus display the monocular movement parallax between the images. Each image is processed before display in such manner as to reduce distortion attributable to beam spreading in a direction perpendicular to a scan direction. The monocular movement parallax between the images is used to generate three dimensional cues visible to an observer.
A two step method of scanning objects to gain information about material content comprises the steps of providing a radiation source and a radiation detector system spaced therefrom to define a scanning zone therebetween. In a first scanning step, an object is moved relative to the source and detector system, intensity information about radiation incident at the detector system after interaction with the object as it passes through the scanning zone is collected, variation of intensity as the object moves through the scanning zone is used to identify anomalous structures and / or absence of homogeneity in the object.In a second, subsequent scanning step an object is located in fixed position in the scanning zone and collecting intensity information collected, analysed against a suitable functional relationship relating transmitted to incident intensity, and the results compared with a library of suitable data to provide an indication of material content.
G01N 23/10 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in luggage X-ray scanners
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
94.
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CHARACTERISATION OF MATERIALS
An apparatus and method are described for obtaining radiation interaction data from an object to enable better determination of the composition of the object. A radiation source and a radiation detector system are used to collect both transmitted and scattered radiation, preferably including radiation from at least one forward scatter mode. The detector system is capable of detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolvable information about incident radiation. Each intensity dataset is resolved across at least three of energy bands within the spectrum of the source, and this data may then be processed numerically to enable better determination of the composition of the object.
G01N 23/20 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structureInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materialsInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
G01T 1/36 - Measuring spectral distribution of X-rays or of nuclear radiation
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
Apparatus for vapor phase growing of crystals having a single multi-zone heater arranged to heat a heated zone to give a predetermined temperature profile along the length of the heated zone. A generally U-shaped tube having a first limb, a second limb, and a linkage connecting the first and second limbs is located on the heated zone. The first limb contains a source material. The second limb supports a seed such that the source material and seed are spaced longitudinally within the heated zone to provide a predetermined temperature differential between the source and seed. The crystal is grown on the seed.
C30B 25/10 - Heating of the reaction chamber or the substrate
C30B 35/00 - Apparatus not otherwise provided for, specially adapted for the growth, production or after-treatment of single crystals or of a homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
An electro optic crystal arrangement in particular comprising or for use in or as a laser modulator suitable for use in an intracavity modulator for a CO2 laser such as a Q-switched pulsed CO2 laser, and the use of such a crystal arrangement in an electro optic device such as a laser modulator are described. The electro optic crystal arrangement comprises a bulk single crystal of cadmium telluride grown on a semiconductor substrate and preferably a germanium substrate, for example by physical vapour deposition.
G02F 1/03 - Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulatingNon-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels or Kerr effect
H01S 3/115 - Q-switching using intracavity electro-optic devices
A detector apparatus is described for scanning of and obtaining radiation data from an object and for example generating an image therefrom. The apparatus comprises a radiation detector system spaced therefrom to define a scanning zone and to collect in use a dataset of information about radiation incident at the detector after interaction with an object in the scanning zone and adapted to resolve such collected information spatially in two dimensions across a scan area and spectroscopically across a plurality of frequency bands in the spectrum of the source. The detector system is adapted to resolve such collected information spectroscopically in that it comprises a detector that exhibits a spectroscopically variable response across at least a part of the spectrum of the source; and is adapted to resolve such collected information spatially in that it comprises: a rastering module configured to divide the scanning area into a plurality of pixels in each of two dimensions; and a detector control means to move the detector across the scanning area to scan such pixels successively and thereby collect a dataset for each pixel. A method is described based upon use of the apparatus.
G01N 23/087 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being X-rays using polyenergetic X-rays
A tracking device for tracking with a radioactive material, a container including such a device, a system using such devices, and a tracking method are described. The device has a radiation detector (10) associatable with a radioactive material (14) adapted to be placed in use within a container (1) defining a radiation-shielded enclosure (7) for containing a radioactive material, to detect radiation activity from the material (14); a RF identification module (12) associatable with the container (1), comprising a data register to store a unique product identification code, a processor with a data transfer link (11) to each of the radiation detector (10) and data register to receive and process a live data stream of activity data from the detector (10) and associate this with the unique product identification code in a processed data packet, and an antenna (13) to enable transmission of a data item comprising both the unique product identification code and processed activity data to a remote data capture means (16), at least the antenna (13) being adapted to sit outside the radiation-shielded enclosure.
A method of bonding a semiconductor structure to a substrate to effect both a mechanical bond and a selectively patterned conductive bond, comprising the steps of mechanically bonding a semiconductor structure to a substrate by means of a bonding layer; providing gaps in the bonding layer generally corresponding to a desired conductive bond pattern; providing vias though the substrate generally positioned at the gaps in the bonding layer; causing electrically conductive material to contact the semiconductor structure exposed through the vias. A device made in accordance with the method is also described.
A method and apparatus are described for the collection and interpretation of radiographic data from an object scanned by a suitable radiation source. A radiation detector system is provided that is detecting and collecting spectroscopically resolved information. An object is scanned from a plurality of perspectives, and the resultant data from each perspective resolved into at least three spectroscopic energy bands. For each such resolved spectroscopic energy band an image analysis is performed to derive depth slicing to produce a series of output datasets each comprising a 2-D dataset of intensity information resolved to a single energy band and depth slice.
G01N 23/04 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups , or by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
G01V 5/00 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity
