New aluminum purification cells are disclosed. An aluminum purification cell may include a first anode in fluid communication with a molten metal pad and an electrolyte. The first anode may be configured to operate at a first electrochemical potential, wherein the first electrochemical potential is configured to produce aluminum ions from aluminum of the molten metal pad. The aluminum purification cell may include a cathode in fluid communication with the electrolyte and a purified aluminum zone. The aluminum purification cell may include a second anode in communication with the electrolyte. The second anode operates at a second electrochemical potential different from the first electrochemical potential, wherein the second electrochemical potential is configured to extract oxygen ions in the electrolyte.
Broadly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods producing aluminum metal in aluminum electrolysis cells using recycled dross as a. feed component. In one embodiment, dross is processed to form a solid having a low metal fraction. The low metal fraction is then introduced into an aluminum electrolysis cell to at least partially assist in forming metallic aluminum and with little or no material impact on aluminum electrolysis cell operations.
New products and methods related to aluminum scrap recycling are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method includes (a) adding a feedstock to an aluminum purification cell, (b) purifying the feedstock, thereby producing a purified aluminum stream and a raffinate stream, (c) separating components of the raffinate stream, thereby producing at least a first byproduct stream and a second byproduct stream, and (d) mixing at least a portion of the first byproduct stream with at least a portion of the purified aluminum from the purified aluminum stream to produce an aluminum alloy product.
The present disclosure relates to methods of producing purified aluminum alloys from aluminum alloy scrap by producing a melt of the aluminum alloy scrap, adding one or more intermetallic former materials, producing iron-bearing intermetallic particles, removing the iron-bearing intermetallic particles, and solidifying the low-iron melt.
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
Goods & Services
Processed metal, scrap metal and alloys, namely, purified common metals, scrap metal and common metal alloys in the form of ingots, billets, slabs, wire rods, and powder used in manufacturing; processed aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, purified aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys in the form of ingots, billets, slabs, wire rods, and powder used in manufacturing Processing of metal, scrap metal and alloys, namely, refining, recycling, remelting, and treatment of metal, scrap metal and alloys; processing of aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, refining, recycling, remelting, and treatment of aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys; refining of metal, scrap metal and alloys, namely, purifying metal, scrap metal and alloys; refining of aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, purifying aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys
This disclosure provides an aging process or a method for aging aluminum alloys. For example, the aging process can be performed on 6xxx Al—Si—Mg—Cu aluminum alloys to result in production of such alloys with improved intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance. The disclosed aging process includes subjecting a solution heat treated and quenched 6xxx aluminum alloy to a temperature above an aging hardening temperature of said alloy but below the solution heat treatment temperature for a short period of time, and then subjecting said alloy to an aging heat treatment at an aging hardening temperature.
C22F 1/05 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
C22F 1/00 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
9.
ELECTRODES FOR ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS CELLS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME
The present disclosure relates to methods of making electrodes for use in electrolysis cells. The method may include forming a TiB2 feedstock into a predetermined shaped product to realize an appropriate density. The method may also include producing a final shaped product from the predetermined shaped product by exposing the predetermined shaped product to elevated temperature. Due to the exposing step, the final shaped product may have a plurality of pores and may realize one or more properties and/or characteristics.
The present disclosure relates to products, systems, and methods for producing purified liquid metal (e.g., purified aluminum) from a feedstock (e.g., aluminum feedstock) in an electrolytic cell (e.g., purification cell) by purifying the feedstock and moving the purified liquid metal from a first location of the cell to a second location via at least one directing feature. The at least one directing feature may be electrically neutral and may be located proximal the first location. The at least one directing feature may be in fluid communication with the purified liquid metal (e.g., purified aluminum) and the second location.
The present disclosure includes a method for purifying aluminum. The method includes producing purified aluminum from an aluminum feedstock in an aluminum purification cell and flowing the purified aluminum from a cell chamber of the aluminum purification cell to a purified metal reservoir via an overflow passage, wherein the purified metal reservoir is located internal to the aluminum purification cell. In some embodiments, a feeding reservoir is located internal to the aluminum purification cell and can be accessed via a feeding port located in a refractory top cover of the cell chamber. In some embodiments, the method includes removing the purified aluminum from the purified metal reservoir via a tapping port located in a refractory top cover of the cell chamber. In some embodiments, concomitant with the removing step, the method includes restricting or preventing oxidation of the purified aluminum.
The application is directed to products and methods related to a TiB2 substrate with a directing feature, wherein the directing feature is configured to direct TiB2 wettable material in a predetermined direction. In some embodiments, the TiB2 substrate is at least partially covered with solid aluminum metal.
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
The application is directed to products and methods related to an aluminum purification cell with a non-carbonaceous substrate with a directing feature. The directing feature can be configured to direct a wettable material in a predetermined direction. The non-carbonaceous substrate can be at least partially covered with solid aluminum metal. The wettable material can be aluminum metal.
The application is directed to products and methods related to aluminum scrap recycling. The method includes (a) adding a feedstock to an aluminum purification cell, wherein the feedstock comprises aluminum scrap, (b) purifying the feedstock, thereby producing a purified aluminum stream and a raffinate stream, (c) separating components of the raffinate stream, thereby producing at least a first byproduct stream and a second byproduct stream, and (d) mixing at least a portion of the first byproduct stream with at least a portion of the purified aluminum from the purified aluminum stream to produce an aluminum alloy product.
This disclosure provides an aging process or a method for aging aluminum alloys. For example, the aging process can be performed on 6xxx Al-Si-Mg-Cu aluminum alloys to result in production of such alloys with improved intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance. The disclosed aging process includes subjecting a solution heat treated and quenched 6xxx aluminum alloy to a temperature above an aging hardening temperature of said alloy but below the solution heat treatment temperature for a short period of time, and then subjecting said alloy to an aging heat treatment at an aging hardening temperature.
C22F 1/05 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
C22C 21/08 - Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
This disclosure provides an aging process or a method for aging aluminum alloys. For example, the aging process can be performed on 6xxx Al-Si-Mg-Cu aluminum alloys to result in production of such alloys with improved intergranular corrosion (IGC) resistance. The disclosed aging process includes subjecting a solution heat treated and quenched 6xxx aluminum alloy to a temperature above an aging hardening temperature of said alloy but below the solution heat treatment temperature for a short period of time, and then subjecting said alloy to an aging heat treatment at an aging hardening temperature.
C22F 1/047 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
C22C 21/08 - Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
17.
ELECTRODES FOR ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS CELLS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME
22 feedstock into a predetermined shaped product to realize an appropriate density. The method may also include producing a final shaped product from the predetermined shaped product by exposing the predetermined shaped product to elevated temperature. Due to the exposing step, the final shaped product may have a plurality of pores and may realize one or more properties and / or characteristics.
B22F 9/06 - Making metallic powder or suspensions thereofApparatus or devices specially adapted therefor using physical processes starting from liquid material
C22C 29/14 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on borides
The present disclosure includes a method for purifying aluminum. The method includes producing purified aluminum from an aluminum feedstock in an aluminum purification cell and flowing the purified aluminum from a cell chamber of the aluminum purification cell to a purified metal reservoir via an overflow passage, wherein the purified metal reservoir is located internal to the aluminum purification cell. In some embodiments, a feeding reservoir is located internal to the aluminum purification cell and can be accessed via a feeding port located in a refractory top cover of the cell chamber. In some embodiments, the method includes removing the purified aluminum from the purified metal reservoir via a tapping port located in a refractory top cover of the cell chamber. In some embodiments, concomitant with the removing step, the method includes restricting or preventing oxidation of the purified aluminum.
The application is directed to products and methods related to an aluminum purification cell with a non-carbonaceous substrate with a directing feature. The directing feature can be configured to direct a wettable material in a predetermined direction. The non-carbonaceous substrate can be at least partially covered with solid aluminum metal. The wettable material can be aluminum metal.
The application is directed to products and methods related to an aluminum electrolysis cell with a non-carbonaceous substrate with a directing feature. The directing feature can be configured to direct a wettable material in a predetermined direction. The non-carbonaceous substrate can be at least partially covered with solid aluminum metal. The wettable material can be aluminum metal.
New aluminum casting (foundry) alloys are disclosed. The new aluminum casting alloys may include from 6.0 to 11.5 wt. % Si, from 0.30 to 0.80 wt. % Fe, optionally from 0.07 to 0.20 wt. % of X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Mo, Zr, and combinations thereof, and optionally 100-500 ppm Sr, the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The new aluminum casting alloys may be high-pressure die cast into complex shapes. The new aluminum casting alloys may be useful, for instance, in heat sink/antenna applications.
New methods of producing aluminum fluoride from cryolite are disclosed. A method may include a step of reacting cryolite bath materials with aluminum sulfate, thereby producing a reactant product, the reactant product comprising aluminum fluoride. The method may further include a step of removing impurities from the reactant product, thereby creating a purified product comprising the aluminum fluoride. The removed impurities may comprise at least one of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). In one embodiment, due to the removing step, the purified product contains not greater than 0.2 wt. % of calcium.
New 3xx aluminum casting alloys are disclosed. The aluminum casting alloys generally include from 6.5 to 11.0 wt. % Si, from 0.20 to 0.80 wt. % Mg, from 0.05 to 0.50 wt. % Cu, from 0.10 to 0.80 wt. % Mn, from 0.005 to 0.05 wt. % Sr, up to 0.25 wt. % Ti, up to 0.30 wt. % Fe, and up to 0.20 wt. % Zn, the balance being aluminum and impurities.
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
C22F 1/043 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a 6xxx aluminum alloy having: silicon (Si) in an amount of 0.70 wt % to 1.1 wt % based on a total weight of the 6xxx aluminum alloy; magnesium (Mg) in an amount of 0.75 wt % to 1.15 wt % based on the total weight of the 6xxx aluminum alloy; a weight ratio of Mg to Si in the 6xxx aluminum alloy from 0.68:1.0 to 1.65:1.0; and copper (Cu) in an amount of 0.30 wt % to 0.8 wt % based on the total weight of the 6xxx aluminum alloy. Some embodiments of the present disclosure further relate to a method including steps of: casting an exemplary 6xxx aluminum alloy, homogenizing the exemplary 6xxx aluminum alloy; extruding the exemplary 6xxx aluminum alloy; and aging the 6xxx aluminum alloy.
C22F 1/05 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
C22C 21/08 - Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
C22F 1/00 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
Goods & Services
(1) Aluminum and its alloys; ingots, castings, billets, tubing and rolled or extruded semi-finished articles of aluminum or its alloy, namely, bars, ingots, logs, rods, and billets of aluminum and aluminum alloy.
In one embodiment, the disclosed subject matter relates to an electrolytic cell that has: a cell reservoir; a cathode support retained on a bottom of the cell reservoir, wherein the cathode support contacts at least one of: a metal pad and a molten electrolyte bath within the cell reservoir, wherein the cathode support includes: a body having a support bottom, which is configured to be in communication with the bottom of the electrolysis cell; and a support top, opposite the support bottom, having a cathode attachment area configured to retain a at least one cathode plate therein.
New methods of producing aluminum fluoride from cryolite are disclosed. A method may include a step of reacting cryolite bath materials with aluminum sulfate, thereby producing a reactant product, the reactant product comprising aluminum fluoride. The method may further include a step of removing impurities from the reactant product, thereby creating a purified product comprising the aluminum fluoride. The removed impurities may comprise at least one of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca). In one embodiment, due to the removing step, the purified product contains not greater than 0.2 wt. % of calcium.
New aluminum casting (foundry) alloys are disclosed. The new aluminum casting alloys may include from 6.0 to 11.5 wt. % Si, from 0.30 to 0.80 wt. % Fe, optionally from 0.07 to 0.20 wt. % of X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Mo, Zr, and combinations thereof, and optionally 100-500 ppm Sr, the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The new aluminum casting alloys may be high-pressure die cast into complex shapes. The new aluminum casting alloys may be useful, for instance, in heat sink / antenna applications.
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
C22F 1/043 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
New copper-coated titanium diboride electrodes are disclosed. The copper-coated titanium diboride electrodes may be used in an aluminum electrolysis cell. In one embodiment, a method includes installing the copper-coated titanium diboride electrode in the aluminum electrolysis cell and operating the aluminum electrolysis cell. During start-up, the aluminum electrolysis cell may be preheated and a bath may be formed from a molten electrolyte. Alumina (Al2O3) may in the added to the bath and reduced to aluminum metal. At least some of the copper film of the copper-coated titanium diboride electrode may be replaced by an aluminum film, thereby forming an aluminum-wetted titanium diboride electrode.
Systems and methods for making ceramic powders configured with consistent, tailored characteristics and/or properties are provided herein. In some embodiments a system for making ceramic powders, includes: a reactor body having a reaction chamber and configured with a heat source to provide a hot zone along the reaction chamber; a sweep gas inlet configured to direct a sweep gas into the reaction chamber and a sweep gas outlet configured to direct an exhaust gas from the reaction chamber; a plurality of containers, within the reactor body, configured to retain at least one preform, wherein each container is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow therethrough, wherein the preform is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow there through, such that the precursor mixture is reacted in the hot zone to form a ceramic powder product having uniform properties.
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
B01J 8/08 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with moving particles
B01J 8/10 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with moving particles moved by stirrers or by rotary drums or rotary receptacles
C04B 35/56 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbides
C04B 35/626 - Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches
C04B 35/65 - Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions
C22C 29/00 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides
C22C 29/02 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
C22C 29/14 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on borides
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
Goods & Services
Processed scrap metal and alloys; processed scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys; purified scrap metal and alloys; purified scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys. Processing of scrap metal and alloys; processing of scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys; processing of scrap metal and alloys, namely, purifying scrap metal and alloys; processing of scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, purifying scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys.
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
Goods & Services
(1) Processed scrap metal and alloys, namely processed scrap common metals and common metal alloys; processed scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys; purified scrap metal and alloys, namely purified scrap common metals and common metal alloys; purified scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys. (1) Processing of scrap metal and alloys, namely metal melting services, metal reclamation services, metal hardening, plating, pressing, stamping, and tempering; processing of scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely aluminum processing, purification and refining; processing of scrap metal and alloys, namely, purifying scrap metal and alloys by metallurgical smelting; processing of scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, purifying scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys.
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
Goods & Services
Processing of metal, scrap metal and alloys, namely, refining, recycling, remelting, and treatment of metal, scrap metal and alloys; processing of aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, refining, recycling, remelting, and treatment of aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys; refining of metal, scrap metal and alloys, namely, purifying metal, scrap metal and alloys; refining of aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, purifying aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys Processed metal, scrap metal and alloys, namely, purified common metals, scrap metal and common metal alloys in the form of ingots, billets, slabs, wire rods, and powder used in manufacturing; processed aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys, namely, purified aluminum, scrap aluminum and aluminum alloys in the form of ingots, billets, slabs, wire rods, and powder used in manufacturing
233) may in the added to the bath and reduced to aluminum metal. At least some of the copper film of the copper-coated titanium diboride electrode may be replaced by an aluminum film, thereby forming an aluminum-wetted titanium diboride electrode.
Some embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a 6xxx aluminum alloy having: silicon (Si) in an amount of 0.70 wt% to 1.1 wt % based on a total weight of the 6xxx aluminum alloy; magnesium (Mg) in an amount of 0.75 wt% to 1.15 wt% based on the total weight of the 6xxx aluminum alloy; a weight ratio of Mg to Si in the 6xxx aluminum alloy from 0.68:1.0 to 1.65:1.0; and copper (Cu) in an amount of 0.30 wt% to 0.8 wt% based on the total weight of the 6xxx aluminum alloy. Some embodiments of the present disclosure further relate to a method including steps of: casting an exemplary 6xxx aluminum alloy, homogenizing the exemplary 6xxx aluminum alloy; extruding the exemplary 6xxx aluminum alloy; and aging the 6xxx aluminum alloy.
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
New shape-cast 7xx aluminum alloys products are disclosed. The new shape-cast products may include from 3.0 to 8.0 wt. % Zn, from 1.0 to 3.0 wt. % Mg, where the wt. % Zn exceeds the wt. % Mg, from 0.35 to 1.0 wt. % Cu, where the wt. % Mg exceeds the wt. % Cu, from 0.05 to 0.30 wt. % V, from 0.01 to 1.0 wt. % of at least one secondary element (Mn, Cr, Zr, Ti, B, and combinations thereof), up to 0.50 wt. % Fe, and up to 0.25 wt. % Si, the balance being aluminum and other elements, wherein the aluminum casting alloy include not greater than 0.05 wt. % each of the other elements, and wherein the aluminum casting alloy includes not greater than 0.15 wt. % in total of the other elements.
C22C 21/10 - Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
C22F 1/053 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with zinc as the next major constituent
The present disclosure relates to an aluminum electrolysis cell comprising a cathode block positioned below a plurality of anodes, wherein the cathode block comprises a sump at least partially disposed within the cathode block, wherein the sump is at least partially defined by a first sump sidewall, a second sump sidewall and a sump bottom, wherein at least one of the first and second sump sidewalls is sloped relative to vertical.
C04B 35/532 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbon, e.g. graphite obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components containing a carbonisable binder
The application is directed towards methods for purifying an aluminum feedstock material. A method provides: (a) feeding an aluminum feedstock into a cell (b) directing an electric current into an anode through an electrolyte and into a cathode, wherein the anode comprises an elongate vertical anode, and wherein the cathode comprises an elongate vertical cathode, wherein the anode and cathode are configured to extend into the electrolyte zone, such that within the electrolyte zone the anode and cathode are configured with an anode-cathode overlap and an anode-cathode distance; and producing some purified aluminum product from the aluminum feedstock.
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
C25C 3/08 - Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
New aluminum casting (foundry) alloys are disclosed. The new aluminum casting alloys generally include from 2.5 to 5.0 wt. % Mg, from 0.70 to 2.5 wt. % Si, wherein the ratio of Mg/Si (in weight percent) is from 1.7 to 3.6, from 0.40 to 1.50 wt. % Mn, from 0.15 to 0.60 wt. % Fe, optionally up to 0.15 wt. % Ti, optionally up to 0.10 wt. % Sr, optionally up to 0.15 wt. % of any of Zr, Sc, Hf, V, and Cr, the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The new aluminum casting alloys may be high pressure die cast, such as into automotive components. The new aluminum alloys may be supplied in an F or a T5 temper, for instance.
C22C 21/08 - Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
C22F 1/047 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
New aluminum casting (foundry) alloys are disclosed. The new aluminum casting alloys generally include from 2.5 to 5.0 wt. % Mg, from 0.70 to 2.5 wt. % Si, wherein the ratio of Mg/Si (in weight percent) is from 1.7 to 3.6, from 0.40 to 1.50 wt. % Mn, from 0.15 to 0.60 wt. % Fe, optionally up to 0.15 wt. % Ti, optionally up to 0.10 wt. % Sr, optionally up to 0.15 wt. % of any of Zr, Sc, Hf, V, and Cr, the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities. The new aluminum casting alloys may be high pressure die cast, such as into automotive components. The new aluminum alloys may be supplied in an F or a T5 temper, for instance.
Systems and methods for making ceramic powders configured with consistent, tailored characteristics and/or properties are provided herein. In some embodiments a system for making ceramic powders, includes: a reactor body having a reaction chamber and configured with a heat source to provide a hot zone along the reaction chamber; a sweep gas inlet configured to direct a sweep gas into the reaction chamber and a sweep gas outlet configured to direct an exhaust gas from the reaction chamber; a plurality of containers, within the reactor body, configured to retain at least one preform, wherein each container is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow therethrough, wherein the preform is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow there through, such that the precursor mixture is reacted in the hot zone to form a ceramic powder product having uniform properties.
C04B 35/626 - Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
B01J 8/08 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with moving particles
C04B 35/56 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbides
B01J 8/10 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with moving particles moved by stirrers or by rotary drums or rotary receptacles
C22C 29/02 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
C04B 35/65 - Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions
C22C 29/14 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on borides
C22C 29/00 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides
61.
Methods of recycling aluminum alloys and purification thereof
The present disclosure relates to methods of producing purified aluminum alloys from aluminum alloy scrap by producing a melt of the aluminum alloy scrap, adding one or more intermetallic former materials, producing iron-bearing intermetallic particles, removing the iron-bearing intermetallic particles, and solidifying the low-iron melt.
Systems and methods for making ceramic powders are provided. The method for forming a ceramic powder includes: preparing a precursor mixture, wherein the preparing comprises adding at least one additive to a plurality of reagents, wherein the at least one additive includes at least one of: an oxide, a salt, a pure metal, or an alloy of elements ranging from atomic numbers 21 through 30, 39 through 51, and 57 through 77 and combinations thereof; and carbothermically reacting the precursor mixture to form a ceramic powder, wherein, due to the preparing step, the precursor mixture comprises a sufficient amount of the at least one additive to form the ceramic powder, wherein the ceramic powder comprises: (a) a morphology selected from the group consisting of irregular, equiaxed, plate-like, and combinations thereof; and (b) a particle size distribution selected from the group consisting of fine, intermediate, coarse, and combinations thereof.
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
C04B 35/626 - Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches
2) and metal additives. The amount of selected metal additives may result in production of electrodes having a tailored density and/or porosity. The electrodes may be durable and used in aluminum electrolysis cells.
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
64.
METHODS OF RECYCLING ALUMINUM ALLOYS AND PURIFICATION THEREOF
The present disclosure relates to methods of producing purified aluminum alloys from aluminum alloy scrap by producing a melt of the aluminum alloy scrap, adding one or mor intermetallic former materials, producing iron-bearing intermetallic particles, removing the iron-bearing intermetallic particles, and solidifying the low-iron melt.
In some embodiments, an exemplary electrolytic cell includes: a cathode structure disposed within an electrolysis cell, wherein the electrolysis cell is configured to produce metal on a surface of the cathode structure, wherein the cathode structure is configured to fit along a floor of the electrolysis cell, wherein the cathode structure has a sloped surface when compared to a generally horizontal plane, and wherein via the sloped surface, the cathode structure is configured to drain a metal product from the sloped surface towards a lower end of the cathode structure.
In some embodiments, an exemplary electrolytic cell includes: a cathode structure disposed within an electrolysis cell, wherein the electrolysis cell is configured to produce metal on a surface of the cathode structure, wherein the cathode structure is configured to fit along a floor of the electrolysis cell, wherein the cathode structure has a sloped surface when compared to a generally horizontal plane, and wherein via the sloped surface, the cathode structure is configured to drain a metal product from the sloped surface towards a lower end of the cathode structure.
There is provided a process for manufacturing a carbonaceous anode for an electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium. The process comprises contacting coke particles with a boron-containing solution to obtain boron-impregnated coke particles, mixing the boron- impregnated coke particles with coal tar pitch to form an anode paste, and forming a green anode with the anode paste. A carbonaceous anode for an electrolysis cell for the production of aluminium is also provided, which comprises at least a first fraction of coke particle, a second fraction of coke particles and coal tar pitch, wherein at least the first faction of coke particles comprises boron-impregnated coke particles, the boron- impregnated coke particles being distributed throughout the carbonaceous anode. The carbonaceous anode presents good resistivity towards air and CO2 oxidation, which translates into less dusting of the anode, thus improving its integrity throughout its lifetime.
New 3xx aluminum casting alloys are disclosed. The aluminum casting alloys generally include from 6.5 to 11.0 wt. % Si, from 0.20 to 0.80 wt. % Mg, from 0.05 to 0.50 wt. % Cu, from 0.10 to 0.80 wt. % Mn, from 0.005 to 0.05 wt. % Sr, up to 0.25 wt. % Ti, up to 0.30 wt. % Fe, and up to 0.20 wt. % Zn, the balance being aluminum and impurities.
C22F 1/043 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
69.
Fertilizer compositions and methods of making and using the same
Generally, the instant disclosure relates to fertilizer compositions and methods of making and using the same. More specifically, the instant disclosure relates to blast suppressant and/or blast resistant ammonium nitrate fertilizer compositions, as well as methods of making and using the same.
In some embodiments, an anode apparatus comprises: (a) an anode body comprising at least one outer sidewall, wherein the outer sidewall is configured to define a shape of the anode body, and to perimetrically surround a hole in the anode body, wherein the hole comprises an upper opening in a top surface of the anode body and wherein the hole axially extends into the anode body; (b) a pin comprising: a first end and a second end opposite the first end, wherein the second end extends downward into the upper end of the anode body and into the hole of the anode body; and (c) a sealing material configured to cover at least a portion of at least one of the following: (1) an inner sidewall of the anode body; (2) the top surface of the anode body; (3) the pin; and (4) the anode support.
In some embodiments of the present invention a method includes: obtaining a first aluminum alloy sheet formed from rolling a first ingot of a 3xxx or a 5xxx series aluminum alloy, wherein, prior to rolling, the first ingot has been heated to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient time to achieve a first dispersoid f/r of less than 7.65; and forming a container precursor from the first aluminum alloy sheet, wherein when the first aluminum alloy sheet is formed into the container precursor, the container precursor has less observed surface striations and ridges as compared to a container precursor formed from a second aluminum alloy sheet rolled from a second ingot having a second dispersoid f/r value of 7.65 or greater.
C22F 1/04 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
C22F 1/047 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
In some embodiments, a ceramic armor product includes: a ceramic powder; an at least one metal-based additive; and a density of 4.3-4.7 g/cc, wherein the ceramic armor product is substantially lacking grain orientation. In some embodiments, a ceramic armor product, includes: a ceramic powder, wherein the ceramic powder is titanium diboride (TiB2); an at least one metal-based additive, wherein the at least one metal based additive comprises elements ranging from atomic numbers 21 through 30, 39 through 51, and 57 through 77; and a density of 4.3-4.7 g/cc, wherein the ceramic armor product is substantially lacking grain orientation.
F41H 5/04 - Plate construction composed of more than one layer
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
Systems and methods for making ceramic powders configured with consistent, tailored characteristics and/or properties are provided herein. In some embodiments a system for making ceramic powders, includes: a reactor body having a reaction chamber and configured with a heat source to provide a hot zone along the reaction chamber; a sweep gas inlet configured to direct a sweep gas into the reaction chamber and a sweep gas outlet configured to direct an exhaust gas from the reaction chamber, a plurality of containers, within the reactor body, configured to retain at least one preform, wherein each container is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow therethrough, wherein the preform is configured to permit the sweep gas to flow there through, such that the precursor mixture is reacted in the hot zone to form a ceramic powder product having uniform properties.
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
C22C 29/00 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides
C22C 29/02 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
C22C 29/14 - Alloys based on carbides, oxides, borides, nitrides or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e. g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on borides
In some embodiments, an electrolytic cell includes: an one anode module having a plurality of anodes; a one cathode module, opposing the anode module, and comprising a plurality of vertical cathodes, wherein each of the plurality of anodes and each of the plurality of vertical cathodes are vertically oriented and spaced one from another; a cell reservoir; and a cell bottom supporting the cathode module, wherein the cell bottom comprise an first upper surface, a second upper surface, and a channel, wherein the plurality of vertical cathodes extends upward from the upper surfaces, wherein at least one cathode block is located below the plurality of vertical cathodes, wherein the first upper surface and the second upper surface are configured to direct substantially all of the liquid aluminum produced in the electrolytic cell to the channel, and wherein the channel is configured to receive liquid aluminum from the upper surfaces.
Systems and methods for making ceramic powders are provided. In some embodiments, a method for forming a ceramic powder includes: adding a sufficient amount of additives to a plurality of reagents to form a precursor mixture so that when the precursor mixture is carbothermically reacted the precursor mixture forms a ceramic powder, wherein the additive includes at least one of: an oxide, a salt, a pure metal or an alloy of elements ranging from atomic numbers 21 through 30, 39 through 51, and 57 through 77 and combinations thereof; and carbothermically reacting the precursor mixture to form a ceramic powder, wherein the ceramic powder comprises: a) a morphology selected from the group consisting of irregular, equiaxed, plate-like, and combinations thereof, and b) a particle size distribution selected from the group consisting of fine, intermediate, coarse, and combinations thereof.
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
C04B 35/52 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbon, e.g. graphite
Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to electrodes useful for the electrolytic production of metal. In some embodiments, an electrode includes: a core; an outer shell; and an intermediate layer disposed between the core and the outer shell, wherein the intermediate layer covers at least a portion of the core, wherein the intermediate layer comprises an inner boundary and an outer boundary, wherein the intermediate layer electrically contacts the core at the inner boundary and electrically contacts the outer shell at the outer boundary, wherein the intermediate layer at the inner boundary has a first coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the core, and wherein the intermediate layer at the outer boundary has a second coefficient of thermal expansion that is substantially similar to a coefficient of thermal expansion of the outer shell.
H01L 51/52 - Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof specially adapted for light emission, e.g. organic light emitting diodes (OLED) or polymer light emitting devices (PLED) - Details of devices
H01L 51/44 - Solid state devices using organic materials as the active part, or using a combination of organic materials with other materials as the active part; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of such devices, or of parts thereof specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation - Details of devices
77.
Apparatuses and systems for vertical electrolysis cells
In one embodiment, the disclosed subject matter relates to an electrolytic cell that has: a cell reservoir; a cathode support retained on a bottom of the cell reservoir, wherein the cathode support contacts at least one of: a metal pad and a molten electrolyte bath within the cell reservoir, wherein the cathode support includes: a body having a support bottom, which is configured to be in communication with the bottom of the electrolysis cell; and a support top, opposite the support bottom, having a cathode attachment area configured to retain a at least one cathode plate therein.
In one embodiment, the disclosed subject matter relates to an electrolytic cell that has: a cell reservoir; a cathode support retained on a bottom of the cell reservoir, wherein the cathode support contacts at least one of: a metal pad and a molten electrolyte bath within the cell reservoir, wherein the cathode support includes: a body having a support bottom, which is configured to be in communication with the bottom of the electrolysis cell; and a support top, opposite the support bottom, having a cathode attachment area configured to retain a at least one cathode plate therein.
C25C 3/08 - Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
C25C 3/10 - External supporting frames or structures
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
In one embodiment, a feed system for distributing fluidized feed material, comprises: a distribution unit configured to fluidize feed material; and a control unit fluidity coupled to the distribution unit, wherein the control unit comprises: a chamber configured to hold the feed material provided from the distribution unit; and a feeder unit fluidity coupled to the chamber: and a second gas inlet configured to provide gas to the chamber; and a material discharge pipe fluidity coupled to the chamber and the second gas inlet.
B65G 53/66 - Use of indicator or control devices, e.g. for controlling gas pressure, for controlling proportions of material and gas, for indicating or preventing jamming of material
B65G 53/16 - Gas pressure systems operating with fluidisation of the materials
B65G 53/18 - Gas pressure systems operating with fluidisation of the materials through a porous wall
B65G 53/22 - Gas pressure systems operating with fluidisation of the materials through a porous wall the systems comprising a reservoir, e.g. a bunker
In one embodiment, an electrolytic cell for the production of aluminum from alumina includes: at least one anode module having a plurality of anodes; at least one cathode module, opposing the anode module, wherein the at least one cathode module comprises a plurality of cathodes, wherein the plurality of anodes are suspended above the cathode module and extending downwards towards the cathode module, wherein the plurality of cathodes are positioned extending upwards towards the anode module, wherein each of the plurality of anodes and each of the plurality of cathodes are alternatingly positioned, wherein the plurality of anodes is selectively positionable in a horizontal direction relative to adjacent cathodes, wherein the anode module is selectively positionable in a vertical direction relative to the cathode module, and wherein a portion of each of the anode electrodes overlap a portion of adjacent cathodes.
An insulation assembly (10) is provided, including a body (12) of an insulating material with a lower surface (14) configured to contact a sidewall (120) of an electrolysis cell (100); an upper surface (16) generally opposed to the lower surface; and a perimetrical sidewall (18) extending between the upper surface and the lower surface to surround the remainder of the body, the perimetrical sidewall including an inner portion (20) configured to face an anode surface (112) of the electrolysis cell and provide a gap (54) between the body and the anode surface of the electrolysis cell; wherein the body is configured to extend from the sidewall of the electrolysis cell towards the anode surface.
Generally, the instant disclosure is directed towards various methods of EMF-forming workpieces and the resulting workpieces. More specifically, the instant disclosure is directed towards various embodiments of imparting EMF-features onto workpieces, where workpieces with resulting EMF-features are configured as metal containers.
B21D 26/14 - Shaping without cutting otherwise than by using rigid devices or tools or yieldable or resilient pads, e.g. shaping by applying fluid pressure or magnetic forces applying magnetic forces
B21D 51/38 - Making inlet or outlet arrangements of cans, tins, baths, bottles or other vesselsMaking can endsMaking closures
83.
IMPROVED 3XX ALUMINUM CASTING ALLOYS, AND METHODS FOR MAKING THE SAME
New 3xx aluminum casting alloys are disclosed. The aluminum casting alloys generally include from 6.5 to 11.0 wt. % Si, from 0.20 to 0.80 wt. % Mg, from 0.05 to 0.50 wt. % Cu, from 0.10 to 0.80 wt. % Mn, from 0.005 to 0.05 wt. % Sr, up to 0.25 wt. % Ti, up to 0.30 wt. % Fe, and up to 0.20 wt. % Zn, the balance being aluminum and impurities.
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
The present disclosure is directed towards methods of making titanium diboride products in various sizes. An aspect of the method provides (a) selecting a target average particle size for a target titanium diboride product; (b) selecting at least one processing variable from the group consisting of: an amount of sulfur, an inert gas flow rate, a soak time, and a reaction temperature; (c) selecting a condition of the processing variable based upon the target average particle size; and (d) producing an actual titanium diboride product having an actual average particle size using the at least one processing variable, wherein due to the at least one processing variable, the actual average particle size corresponds to the target average particle size.
System, method and apparatus for measuring electrolysis cell operating conditions and communicating the same are disclosed. The system includes a selectively positionable member coupled to an analytical apparatus, wherein the selectively positionable is configured to move the analytical apparatus into and out of physical communication with a bath. The system may also include a crust breaker for breaking the surface of a bath and an electronic device for measuring bath level.
New aluminum casting alloys having 8.5-9.5 wt. % silicon, 0.8-2.0 wt. % copper (Cu), 0.20-0.53 wt. % magnesium (Mg), and 0.35 to 0.8 wt. % manganese are disclosed. The alloy may be solution heat treated, treated in accordance with T5 tempering and/or artificially aged to produce castings, e.g., for cylinder heads and engine blocks. In one embodiment, the castings are made by high pressure die casting.
C22C 21/02 - Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
C22F 1/043 - Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
B22D 17/02 - Hot chamber machines, i.e. with heated press chamber in which metal is melted
B22D 17/08 - Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
87.
Fertilizer compositions and methods of making and using the same
Broadly, the instant disclosure is directed towards: fertilizer compositions and methods of making the same, in which, due to the composition, the fertilizer exhibits blast suppression (e.g. measured via specific impulse) and/or desensitization (e.g. measured via unconfined critical diameter and/or booster quantity needed to initiate detonation) as compared to existing ammonium nitrate fertilizer(s).
Generally, the instant disclosure relates to fertilizer compositions and methods of making and using the same. More specifically, the instant disclosure relates to blast suppressant and/or blast resistant ammonium nitrate fertilizer compositions, as well as methods of making and using the same.
The application is directed towards methods for purifying an aluminum feedstock material. A method provides: (a) feeding an aluminum feedstock into a cell (b) directing an electric current into an anode through an electrolyte and into a cathode, wherein the anode comprises an elongate vertical anode, and wherein the cathode comprises an elongate vertical cathode, wherein the anode and cathode are configured to extend into the electrolyte zone, such that within the electrolyte zone the anode and cathode are configured with an anode-cathode overlap and an anode-cathode distance; and producing some purified aluminum product from the aluminum feedstock.
The application is directed towards methods for purifying an aluminum feedstock material. A method provides: (a) feeding an aluminum feedstock into a cell (b) directing an electric current into an anode through an electrolyte and into a cathode, wherein the anode comprises an elongate vertical anode, and wherein the cathode comprises an elongate vertical cathode, wherein the anode and cathode are configured to extend into the electrolyte zone, such that within the electrolyte zone the anode and cathode are configured with an anode-cathode overlap and an anode-cathode distance; and producing some purified aluminum product from the aluminum feedstock.
B22D 21/00 - Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedureSelection of compositions therefor
C25C 3/08 - Cell construction, e.g. bottoms, walls, cathodes
2 through a gas scrubbing apparatus. A scrubbing liquor comprising hydroxide ions and at least one oxidation catalyst may be flowed into the gas scrubbing apparatus, thereby contacting the gas stream with the scrubbing liquor. In response to the contacting, at least 90 wt. % of the sulfur dioxide may be removed from the gas stream. Concomitant to the contacting, at least some of the sulfur dioxide may react with at least some of the hydroxide ions, thereby forming sulfite ions in the scrubbing liquor. Some of the sulfite ions may be oxidized, via the oxidation catalyst, thereby forming sulfate ions in the scrubbing liquor. A used scrubbing liquor may be discharged from the scrubbing apparatus.
B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
B01D 53/73 - After-treatment of removed components
01 - Chemical and biological materials for industrial, scientific and agricultural use
02 - Paints, varnishes, lacquers
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
12 - Land, air and water vehicles; parts of land vehicles
40 - Treatment of materials; recycling, air and water treatment,
Goods & Services
Aluminum and other chemicals. Aluminum paint and paint pigments. Aluminum ingot, semi-fabricated aluminum (various forms), metal building products, aluminum closures. Vehicle wheels. Reclamation of metals.
06 - Common metals and ores; objects made of metal
Goods & Services
(1) Aluminum and aluminum alloys in the form of bars, castings, extrusions, foil, forgings, ingots, plates, powder, rods, sheets, tubing, and wire; metal wire; metal cable; clamps and vibration dampers for metal wire and cable
96.
SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF PROTECTING ELECTROLYSIS CELL SIDEWALLS
Broadly, the present disclosure relates to sidewall features (e.g. inner sidewall or hot face) of an electrolysis cell, which protect the sidewall from the electrolytic bath while the cell is in operation (e.g. producing metal in the electrolytic cell).
The present disclosure related to an inert anode which is electrically connected to the electrolytic cell, such that a conductor rod is connected to the inert anode in order to supply current from a current supply to the inert anode, where the inert anode directs current into the electrolytic bath to produce non-ferrous metal (where current exits the cell via a cathode).
A system is provided including an electrolysis cell configured to retain a molten electrolyte bath, the bath including at least one bath component, the electrolysis cell including: a bottom, and a sidewall consisting essentially of the at least one bath component; and a feed material including the least one bath component to the molten electrolyte bath such that the at least one bath component is within 30% of saturation, wherein, via the feed material, the sidewall is stable in the molten electrolyte bath.
A method to recycle TiB2 articles, and in particular, a method to recycle a TiB2 feedstock including TiB2 articles and Ti-ore and/or Ti-slag by chlorination.
2 through a gas scrubbing apparatus. A scrubbing liquor comprising hydroxide ions and at least one oxidation catalyst may be flowed into the gas scrubbing apparatus, thereby contacting the gas stream with the scrubbing liquor. In response to the contacting, at least 90 wt. % of the sulfur dioxide may be removed from the gas stream. Concomitant to the contacting, at least some of the sulfur dioxide may react with at least some of the hydroxide ions, thereby forming sulfite ions in the scrubbing liquor. Some of the sulfite ions may be oxidized, via the oxidation catalyst, thereby forming sulfate ions in the scrubbing liquor. A used scrubbing liquor may be discharged from the scrubbing apparatus.
