In a general aspect, a radio frequency (RF) measurement device includes first and second mode converters, each configured to convert a mode of the RF electromagnetic wave between a first RF waveguide mode and a second RF waveguide mode. The RF measurement device also includes an internal cavity between the first and second mode converters that contains a vapor or a source of the vapor. The vapor includes Ryberg atoms or molecules. The RF measurement device additionally includes an RF waveguide extending between the first and second mode converters and configured to establish a circular polarization of the RF electromagnetic wave in the internal cavity.
In a general aspect, a radio frequency (RF) measurement device includes first and second mode converters, each configured to convert a mode of the RF electromagnetic wave between a first RF waveguide mode and a second RF waveguide mode. The RF measurement device also includes an internal cavity between the first and second mode converters that contains a vapor or a source of the vapor. The vapor includes Ryberg atoms or molecules. The RF measurement device additionally includes an RF waveguide extending between the first and second mode converters and configured to carry the second RF waveguide mode through the internal cavity. In some variations, the RF waveguide includes first and second longitudinal portions disposed on respective, opposite sides of the device and configured to establish a target RF profile in an interaction region of the internal cavity.
In a general aspect, a system for measuring radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves includes a laser system configured to generate plurality of input optical signals. The system also includes an RF measurement device having first and second mode converters and an internal cavity therebetween. The internal cavity contains a vapor that is configured to produce an output optical signal based on the plurality of input optical signals. The RF measurement device also includes an RF waveguide that extends between the first and second mode converters and is configured to carry the second RF waveguide mode through the internal cavity. The system also includes an optical detector system configured to generate a detector signal in response to receiving the output optical signal. The system additionally includes a signal processing system configured to generate data in response to receiving the detector signal.
In a general aspect, a system is described herein for detecting the phase properties of a radio frequency (RF) wave. The system includes a vapor cell sensor that contains a vapor and is configured to generate an optical signal in response to laser signals that interact with the vapor. The vapor has a Rydberg electronic transition that interacts with a target RF electromagnetic field, and the optical signal is based on a transmission of one of the laser signals through the vapor. The system also includes an optical detection system and a signal processing system. The optical detection system is configured to generate a detector signal in response to receiving the optical signal, and the signal processing system is configured to receive the detector signal and perform operations that determine a phase change of the target RF electromagnetic field.
In a general aspect, a system is described herein for detecting the phase properties of a radio frequency (RF) wave. The system includes a vapor cell sensor that contains a vapor and is configured to generate an optical signal in response to laser signals that interact with the vapor. The vapor has a Rydberg electronic transition that interacts with a target RF electromagnetic field, and the optical signal is based on a transmission of one of the laser signals through the vapor. The system also includes an optical detection system and a signal processing system. The optical detection system is configured to generate a detector signal in response to receiving the optical signal, and the signal processing system is configured to receive the detector signal and perform operations that determine a phase change of the target RF electromagnetic field.
G01R 29/02 - Measuring characteristics of individual pulses, e.g. deviation from pulse flatness, rise time or duration
G01R 29/08 - Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
H04L 7/033 - Speed or phase control by the received code signals, the signals containing no special synchronisation information using the transitions of the received signal to control the phase of the synchronising-signal- generating means, e.g. using a phase-locked loop
6.
DETECTING PHASE PROPERTIES OF RADIO FREQUENCY WAVES
In a general aspect, a method is described herein for detecting the phase properties of a radio frequency (RF) wave. The method includes generating an optical signal by interacting laser signals with a vapor of a vapor cell sensor. The optical signal is based on a transmission of one of the laser signals through the vapor. The method also includes altering an intensity of the optical signal by interacting a target RF electromagnetic field with a Rydberg electronic transition of the vapor. The target RF electromagnetic field includes a time series of RF pulses. The method additionally includes determining, by operation of a signal processing system, a magnitude of phase change in the time series of RF pulses. In some implementations, the method includes determining a phase of a target RF pulse in the times series of RF pulses.
In a general aspect, a method is described herein for detecting the phase properties of a radio frequency (RF) wave. The method includes generating an optical signal by interacting laser signals with a vapor of a vapor cell sensor. The optical signal is based on a transmission of one of the laser signals through the vapor. The method also includes altering an intensity of the optical signal by interacting a target RF electromagnetic field with a Rydberg electronic transition of the vapor. The target RF electromagnetic field includes a time series of RF pulses. The method additionally includes determining, by operation of a signal processing system, a magnitude of phase change in the time series of RF pulses. In some implementations, the method includes determining a phase of a target RF pulse in the times series of RF pulses.
In a general aspect, a radiometer is disclosed that includes a vapor cell sensor. The vapor cell sensor contains a vapor and is configured to generate an optical signal in response to laser signals and thermal radiation interacting with the vapor. The vapor includes a Rydberg electronic transition that is configured to interact with the thermal radiation. The radiometer also includes a computing system having one or more processors and a memory. The memory stores instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, are configured to perform operations that include generating, based on the optical signal, transmission data that represents the transmission of the one laser signal through the vapor. The operations also include determining, based on the transmission data, a temperature of a target body that generates the thermal radiation.
In a general aspect, a radiometer is disclosed that includes a vapor cell sensor. The vapor cell sensor contains a vapor and is configured to generate an optical signal in response to laser signals and thermal radiation interacting with the vapor. The vapor includes a Rydberg electronic transition that is configured to interact with the thermal radiation. The radiometer also includes a computing system having one or more processors and a memory. The memory stores instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, are configured to perform operations that include generating, based on the optical signal, transmission data that represents the transmission of the one laser signal through the vapor. The operations also include determining, based on the transmission data, a temperature of a target body that generates the thermal radiation.
G01J 5/58 - Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using absorptionRadiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using extinction effect
In a general aspect, a system is described for sensing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. The system includes a laser system that generates probe and coupling laser signals. The system also includes an RF source that generates a reference RF electromagnetic field. The reference RF electromagnetic field is part of a combined RF electromagnetic field that also includes a perturbing RF electromagnetic field. A vapor cell sensor of the system generates an optical signal in response to the probe laser signal, the coupling laser signal, and the combined RF electromagnetic field interacting with a vapor of the vapor cell sensor. The system additionally includes a control system that tunes the coupling laser signal and the reference RF electromagnetic field relative to respective transitions of the vapor. The control system generates, based on the optical signal, a value that represents a property of the perturbing RF electromagnetic field.
In a general aspect, a system is described for sensing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields. The system includes a laser system that generates probe and coupling laser signals. The system also includes an RF source that generates a reference RF electromagnetic field. The reference RF electromagnetic field is part of a combined RF electromagnetic field that also includes a perturbing RF electromagnetic field. A vapor cell sensor of the system generates an optical signal in response to the probe laser signal, the coupling laser signal, and the combined RF electromagnetic field interacting with a vapor of the vapor cell sensor. The system additionally includes a control system that tunes the coupling laser signal and the reference RF electromagnetic field relative to respective transitions of the vapor. The control system generates, based on the optical signal, a value that represents a property of the perturbing RF electromagnetic field.
In a general aspect, a radio frequency (RF) measurement device includes first and second mode converters, each configured to convert a mode of the RF electromagnetic wave between a first RF waveguide mode and a second RF waveguide mode. The RF measurement device also includes an internal cavity between the first and second mode converters that contains a vapor or a source of the vapor. The vapor includes Ryberg atoms or molecules. The RF measurement device additionally includes an RF waveguide extending between the first and second mode converters and configured to carry the second RF waveguide mode through the internal cavity. In some variations, the RF waveguide includes first and second longitudinal portions disposed on respective, opposite sides of the device and configured to establish a target RF profile in an interaction region of the internal cavity.
G01R 29/08 - Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
G01R 23/04 - Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rateArrangements for measuring period of current or voltage adapted for measuring in circuits having distributed constants
In a general aspect, a system for measuring radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves includes a laser system configured to generate plurality of input optical signals. The system also includes an RF measurement device having first and second mode converters and an internal cavity therebetween. The internal cavity contains a vapor that is configured to produce an output optical signal based on the plurality of input optical signals. The RF measurement device also includes an RF waveguide that extends between the first and second mode converters and is configured to carry the second RF waveguide mode through the internal cavity. The system also includes an optical detector system configured to generate a detector signal in response to receiving the output optical signal. The system additionally includes a signal processing system configured to generate data in response to receiving the detector signal.
In a general aspect, a radio frequency (RF) measurement device includes first and second mode converters, each configured to convert a mode of the RF electromagnetic wave between a first RF waveguide mode and a second RF waveguide mode. The RF measurement device also includes an internal cavity between the first and second mode converters that contains a vapor or a source of the vapor. The vapor includes Ryberg atoms or molecules. The RF measurement device additionally includes an RF waveguide extending between the first and second mode converters and configured to establish a circular polarization of the RF electromagnetic wave in the internal cavity.
G01R 23/04 - Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rateArrangements for measuring period of current or voltage adapted for measuring in circuits having distributed constants
G01R 29/08 - Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
15.
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC FIELDS IN VAPOR CELLS HAVING A BODY DEFINED BY A STACK OF LAYERS
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers that includes electrically conductive layers and electrically insulating layers. The stack of layers are bonded to each other and have first and second end layers at respective opposite ends of the body. The stack of layers also has intermediate layers between the first and second end layers that define an internal cavity of the body. The internal cavity extends through the body between the first and second end layers and includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed therein. Adjacent electrically conductive layers are separated by at least one electrically insulating layer. Moreover, each electrically conductive layer defines an electrode of the vapor cell and includes a contact surface on an exterior side of the body. The contact surface defines an electrical contact of the electrode.
G01J 1/42 - Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
G01N 27/62 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating the ionisation of gases, e.g. aerosolsInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electric discharges, e.g. emission of cathode
In a general aspect, a method includes interacting a beam of light with a vapor in a vapor cell. The vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers that includes electrically conductive layers and electrically insulating layers. The stack of layers are bonded to each other and have first and second end layers at respective opposite ends of the body. The stack of layers also has intermediate layers between the first and second end layers that define an internal cavity of the body. A vapor is disposed in the internal cavity. The method includes applying respective voltages to one or more electrodes to alter an electric field in the internal cavity. The method also includes measuring one or both of an ion signal based on charged particles in the vapor and an optical property of the beam of light after interacting with the vapor.
G01N 27/62 - Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating the ionisation of gases, e.g. aerosolsInvestigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electric discharges, e.g. emission of cathode
G01D 5/26 - Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing memberMeans for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for convertingTransducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using optical means, i.e. using infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
G01J 1/42 - Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers that includes electrically conductive layers and electrically insulating layers. The stack of layers are bonded to each other and have first and second end layers at respective opposite ends of the body. The stack of layers also has intermediate layers between the first and second end layers that define an internal cavity of the body. The internal cavity extends through the body between the first and second end layers and includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed therein. Adjacent electrically conductive layers are separated by at least one electrically insulating layer. Moreover, each electrically conductive layer defines an electrode of the vapor cell and includes a contact surface on an exterior side of the body. The contact surface defines an electrical contact of the electrode.
In a general aspect, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation can be detected using vapor cell sensors. In some aspects, a system includes a laser system that is configured to generate laser signals that comprise first and second laser signals. The system also includes an optical comb generator and a vapor cell sensor. The optical comb generator is configured to generate a comb spectrum based on the first laser signal. The comb spectrum includes comb lines at respective comb frequencies. The vapor cell sensor contains a vapor and is configured to generate an optical spectrum based on interactions of the vapor with the comb spectrum and the second laser signal. The system also includes an optical detector that is configured to detect the property of the optical spectrum at one or more of the comb frequencies.
In a general aspect, a method includes interacting a beam of light with a vapor in a vapor cell. The vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers that includes electrically conductive layers and electrically insulating layers. The stack of layers are bonded to each other and have first and second end layers at respective opposite ends of the body. The stack of layers also has intermediate layers between the first and second end layers that define an internal cavity of the body. A vapor is disposed in the internal cavity. The method includes applying respective voltages to one or more electrodes to alter an electric field in the internal cavity. The method also includes measuring one or both of an ion signal based on charged particles in the vapor and an optical property of the beam of light after interacting with the vapor.
In a general aspect, radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation can be detected using vapor cell sensors. In some aspects, a system includes a laser system that is configured to generate laser signals that comprise first and second laser signals. The system also includes an optical comb generator and a vapor cell sensor. The optical comb generator is configured to generate a comb spectrum based on the first laser signal. The comb spectrum includes comb lines at respective comb frequencies. The vapor cell sensor contains a vapor and is configured to generate an optical spectrum based on interactions of the vapor with the comb spectrum and the second laser signal. The system also includes an optical detector that is configured to detect the property of the optical spectrum at one or more of the comb frequencies.
In a general aspect, a laser system includes a laser and a frequency comb generator system. The laser is configured to generate a laser signal, and the frequency comb generator system is configured to generate a frequency comb based on the laser signal. The frequency comb includes frequency comb signals at respective comb frequencies. The laser system also includes a frequency comb dispersion system configured to spatially separate the frequency comb signals onto respective optical channels of the frequency comb dispersion system. The laser system additionally includes a frequency selector system configured to generate a selected frequency signal from the frequency comb signals after separation. The selected frequency signal includes a target separated frequency comb signal. The laser system also includes a frequency shifter configured to alter the selected frequency signal toward a target output frequency of the laser system.
In a general aspect, a system for sensing pulses of radio frequency (RF) fields includes a laser system and a vapor cell sensor. The laser system is configured to generate beams of light that include a probe beam of light. The vapor cell sensor has a vapor therein and is configured to allow the beams of light to pass through the vapor. The system also includes an optical detector configured to generate a detector signal based on the probe beam of light. The system includes a signal processing system configured to perform operations that include receiving the detector signal from the optical detector over a time period. The operations also include generating a digital signal based on the detector signal and applying a matched filter to the digital signal to generate a filtered signal. The filtered signal is processed to determine properties of an RF field experienced by the vapor.
G01R 29/08 - Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
G01R 33/26 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance for measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using optical pumping
In a general aspect, a communication system comprises a first station and a second station. The first station includes a photonic crystal maser, a laser subsystem, and a tracking subsystem. A photonic crystal structure of the photonic crystal maser is formed of dielectric material and has an array of cavities and an elongated slot. The elongated slot is disposed in a defect region of the array of cavities. The photonic crystal maser also includes a vapor disposed in the elongated slot and operable to emit a target RF electromagnetic radiation in response to receiving an optical signal. The array of cavities and the elongated slot define a waveguide configured to form the target RF electromagnetic radiation, when emitted, into a beam. The second station includes a receiver configured to couple to the beam of target RF electromagnetic radiation.
In a general aspect, a communication system comprises a first station and a second station. Each station includes a transceiver and a control subsystem. The transceiver includes having one or more photonic crystal masers and one or more photonic crystal receivers. The control subsystem includes one or more lasers optically coupled to the one or more photonic crystal masers and the one or more photonic crystal receivers. The control subsystem also includes modulation electronics in communication with the one or more lasers and configured to control one or more properties of a first input optical signal received by each photonic crystal maser. The control subsystem additionally includes demodulation electronics in communication with the one or more lasers and configured to control one or more properties of a second input optical signal received by each photonic crystal receiver.
In a general aspect, a photonic crystal maser includes a dielectric body having an array of cavities ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. The dielectric body also includes a region in the array of cavities defining a defect in the photonic crystal structure. An elongated slot through the region extends from a slot opening in a surface of the dielectric body at least partially through the dielectric body. The elongated slot and the array of cavities define a waveguide of the dielectric body. The dielectric body additionally includes an input coupler aligned with an end of the elongated slot and configured to couple a reference radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation to the waveguide. The photonic crystal maser also includes a vapor or source of the vapor in the elongated slot and an optical window covering the elongated slot.
In a general aspect, a system for sensing pulses of radio frequency (RF) fields includes a laser system and a vapor cell sensor. The laser system is configured to generate beams of light that include a probe beam of light. The vapor cell sensor has a vapor therein and is configured to allow the beams of light to pass through the vapor. The system also includes an optical detector configured to generate a detector signal based on the probe beam of light. The system includes a signal processing system configured to perform operations that include receiving the detector signal from the optical detector over a time period. The operations also include generating a digital signal based on the detector signal and applying a matched filter to the digital signal to generate a filtered signal. The filtered signal is processed to determine properties of an RF field experienced by the vapor.
In a general aspect, a radar system includes a vapor cell sensor system and a radio frequency (RF) optic. The vapor cell sensor system includes a vapor cell sensor, and the RF optic is configured to direct an RF field onto the vapor cell sensor. The RF field includes one or more RF pulses that define a radar signal. The radar system also includes a signal processing system configured to perform operations that include generating a digital signal based on a signal from the vapor cell sensor system. The digital signal represents a measured response of the vapor to the RF field over a time period. The operations also include applying a matched filter to the digital signal to generate a filtered signal and processing the filtered signal to determine properties of the RF field sensed by the vapor cell sensor over the time period.
In a general aspect, a radar system includes a vapor cell sensor system and a radio frequency (RF) optic. The vapor cell sensor system includes a vapor cell sensor, and the RF optic is configured to direct an RF field onto the vapor cell sensor. The RF field includes one or more RF pulses that define a radar signal. The radar system also includes a signal processing system configured to perform operations that include generating a digital signal based on a signal from the vapor cell sensor system. The digital signal represents a measured response of the vapor to the RF field over a time period. The operations also include applying a matched filter to the digital signal to generate a filtered signal and processing the filtered signal to determine properties of the RF field sensed by the vapor cell sensor over the time period.
G01R 29/08 - Measuring electromagnetic field characteristics
G01R 33/26 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance for measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using optical pumping
In a general aspect, a laser system includes a laser and a frequency comb generator system. The laser is configured to generate a laser signal, and the frequency comb generator system is configured to generate a frequency comb based on the laser signal. The frequency comb includes frequency comb signals at respective comb frequencies. The laser system also includes a frequency comb dispersion system configured to spatially separate the frequency comb signals onto respective optical channels of the frequency comb dispersion system. The laser system additionally includes a frequency selector system configured to generate a selected frequency signal from the frequency comb signals after separation. The selected frequency signal includes a target separated frequency comb signal. The laser system also includes a frequency shifter configured to alter the selected frequency signal toward a target output frequency of the laser system.
In a general aspect, a communication system comprises a first station and a second station. The first station includes a photonic crystal maser, a laser subsystem, and a tracking subsystem. A photonic crystal structure of the photonic crystal maser is formed of dielectric material and has an array of cavities and an elongated slot. The elongated slot is disposed in a defect region of the array of cavities. The photonic crystal maser also includes a vapor disposed in the elongated slot and operable to emit a target RF electromagnetic radiation in response to receiving an optical signal. The array of cavities and the elongated slot define a waveguide configured to form the target RF electromagnetic radiation, when emitted, into a beam. The second station includes a receiver configured to couple to the beam of target RF electromagnetic radiation.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers defines an array of cavities that includes first and second subsets of cavities. The first subset of cavities extends through intermediate layers of the stack of layers and the second subset of cavities extends entirely through the stack of layers. The vapor cell includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in each of the first subset of cavities. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. The intermediate layers are positioned between the first and second end layers.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. Intermediate layers extend between the first and second end layers and define an internal cavity extending through the body between the first end layer and the second end layer. Each intermediate layer includes a through-hole that defines a portion of the internal cavity through the intermediate layer. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in the internal cavity.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. Intermediate layers extend between the first and second end layers and define an internal cavity extending through the body between the first end layer and the second end layer. The stack of layers also includes first and second sets of tabs. The first set of tabs extends outward from the intermediate layers on a first exterior side of the body, and the second set of tabs extends outward from the intermediate layers on a second exterior side of the body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in the internal cavity.
In a general aspect, a photonic crystal maser includes a dielectric body having an array of cavities ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. The dielectric body also includes a region in the array of cavities defining a defect in the photonic crystal structure. An elongated slot through the region extends from a slot opening in a surface of the dielectric body at least partially through the dielectric body. The elongated slot and the array of cavities define a waveguide of the dielectric body. The dielectric body additionally includes an input coupler aligned with an end of the elongated slot and configured to couple a reference radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation to the waveguide. The photonic crystal maser also includes a vapor or source of the vapor in the elongated slot and an optical window covering the elongated slot.
H01S 1/06 - Masers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range gaseous
H03L 7/26 - Automatic control of frequency or phaseSynchronisation using energy levels of molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles as a frequency reference
H01S 5/11 - Comprising a photonic bandgap structure
35.
Increasing the measurement precision of optical instrumentation using Kalman-type filters
In a general aspect, a method is presented for increasing the measurement precision of an optical instrument. The method includes determining, based on optical data and environmental data, a measured value of an optical property measured by the optical instrument. The optical instrument includes an optical path and a sensor configured to measure an environmental parameter. The method also includes determining a predicted value of the optical property based on a model representing time evolution of the optical instrument. The method additionally includes calculating an effective value of the optical property based on the measured value, the predicted value, and a Kalman gain. The Kalman gain is based on respective uncertainties in the measured and predicted values and defines a relative weighting of the measured and predicted values in the effective value.
In a general aspect, a method is presented for increasing the measurement precision of an optical instrument. The method includes determining, based on optical data and environmental data, a measured value of an optical property measured by the optical instrument. The optical instrument includes an optical path and a sensor configured to measure an environmental parameter. The method also includes determining a predicted value of the optical property based on a model representing time evolution of the optical instrument. The method additionally includes calculating an effective value of the optical property based on the measured value, the predicted value, and a Kalman gain. The Kalman gain is based on respective uncertainties in the measured and predicted values and defines a relative weighting of the measured and predicted values in the effective value.
G01D 5/26 - Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing memberMeans for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for convertingTransducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using optical means, i.e. using infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
In a general aspect, a device is disclosed for providing a reference frequency of light. The device includes a housing having a first opening and a second opening. A first optical window covers the first opening and is coupled to the housing by a first ceramic bond that forms a hermetic seal around the first opening. A second optical window covers the second opening and is coupled to the housing by a second ceramic bond that forms a hermetic seal around the second opening. The device also includes an etalon disposed within an evacuated volume enclosed by at least the housing, the first optical window, and the second optical window. The device additionally includes one or more supports suspending the etalon in the evacuated volume. The one or more supports are formed of a material having a thermal conductivity no greater than 5 W/m·K at room temperature.
H01S 3/137 - Stabilisation of laser output parameters, e.g. frequency or amplitude by controlling devices placed within the cavity for stabilising of frequency
In a general aspect, a communication system comprises a first station and a second station. Each station includes a transceiver and a control subsystem. The transceiver includes having one or more photonic crystal masers and one or more photonic crystal receivers. The control subsystem includes one or more lasers optically coupled to the one or more photonic crystal masers and the one or more photonic crystal receivers. The control subsystem also includes modulation electronics in communication with the one or more lasers and configured to control one or more properties of a first input optical signal received by each photonic crystal maser. The control subsystem additionally includes demodulation electronics in communication with the one or more lasers and configured to control one or more properties of a second input optical signal received by each photonic crystal receiver.
G01S 13/00 - Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systemsAnalogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. Intermediate layers extend between the first and second end layers and define an internal cavity extending through the body between the first end layer and the second end layer. The stack of layers also includes first and second sets of tabs. The first set of tabs extends outward from the intermediate layers on a first exterior side of the body, and the second set of tabs extends outward from the intermediate layers on a second exterior side of the body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in the internal cavity.
G01R 33/26 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance for measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using optical pumping
G01R 33/00 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
40.
GENERATING RADIO FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
In a general aspect, a system for generating radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation includes a maser having a photonic crystal structure and a vapor. The photonic crystal structure is formed of dielectric material and includes an array of cavities having a defect region disposed therein and an elongated slot disposed in the defect region. The array of cavities and the elongated slot define a waveguide having a waveguide mode. The vapor is disposed in the elongated slot and includes one or more input electronic transitions and an output electronic transition coupled to the one or more input electronic transitions. The output electronic transition is operable to emit a target RF electromagnetic radiation and is resonant with the waveguide mode. The system also includes a laser system configured to provide input optical signals to the elongated slot and signal processing electronics in communication with the laser system.
In a general aspect, a photonic crystal maser includes a dielectric body having an array of cavities ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. The dielectric body also includes a region in the array of cavities defining a defect in the photonic crystal structure. An elongated slot through the region extends from a slot opening in a surface of the dielectric body at least partially through the dielectric body. The array of cavities and the elongated slot define a waveguide having a waveguide mode. The photonic crystal maser also includes a vapor or source of the vapor in the elongated slot and a laser configured to generate an optical signal capable of exciting one or more input electronic transitions of the vapor.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. Intermediate layers extend between the first and second end layers and define an internal cavity extending through the body between the first end layer and the second end layer. The stack of layers also includes first and second sets of tabs. The first set of tabs extends outward from the intermediate layers on a first exterior side of the body, and the second set of tabs extends outward from the intermediate layers on a second exterior side of the body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in the internal cavity.
G01R 33/26 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance for measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using optical pumping
43.
Vapor cells having stacks of layers defining target three-dimensional volumes for internal cavities
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. Intermediate layers extend between the first and second end layers and define an internal cavity extending through the body between the first end layer and the second end layer. Each intermediate layer includes a through-hole that defines a portion of the internal cavity through the intermediate layer. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in the internal cavity.
In a general aspect, a photonic crystal maser includes a dielectric body having an array of cavities ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. The dielectric body also includes a region in the array of cavities defining a defect in the photonic crystal structure. An elongated slot through the region extends from a slot opening in a surface of the dielectric body at least partially through the dielectric body. The array of cavities and the elongated slot define a waveguide having a waveguide mode. The photonic crystal maser also includes a vapor or source of the vapor in the elongated slot and a laser configured to generate an optical signal capable of exciting one or more input electronic transitions of the vapor.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell includes a body defined by a stack of layers bonded to each other. The stack of layers defines an array of cavities that includes first and second subsets of cavities. The first subset of cavities extends through intermediate layers of the stack of layers and the second subset of cavities extends entirely through the stack of layers. The vapor cell includes a vapor or a source of the vapor disposed in each of the first subset of cavities. The stack of layers includes a first end layer disposed at a first end of the body and a second end layer disposed at a second, opposite end of the body. The intermediate layers are positioned between the first and second end layers.
In a general aspect, a system for generating radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation includes a maser having a photonic crystal structure and a vapor. The photonic crystal structure is formed of dielectric material and includes an array of cavities having a defect region disposed therein and an elongated slot disposed in the defect region. The array of cavities and the elongated slot define a waveguide having a waveguide mode. The vapor is disposed in the elongated slot and includes one or more input electronic transitions and an output electronic transition coupled to the one or more input electronic transitions. The output electronic transition is operable to emit a target RF electromagnetic radiation and is resonant with the waveguide mode. The system also includes a laser system configured to provide input optical signals to the elongated slot and signal processing electronics in communication with the laser system.
In a general aspect, a wavelength of light is measured. In some aspects, a wavelength measurement system includes an interferometer, a camera system, a sensor and a control system. The interferometer includes two reflective surfaces and a transmission medium between the two reflective surfaces. The interferometer is configured to receive an optical signal from a laser and produce an interferogram in response. The camera system is configured to receive the interferogram from the interferometer and generate interferogram data in response. The interferogram data represents the interferogram received from the interferometer. The sensor is configured to sense an environmental parameter of the transmission medium and generate sensor data in response. The control system is configured to perform operations including, receiving the interferogram data from the camera system and the sensor data from the sensor; and computing a wavelength of the laser based on the interferogram data and the sensor data.
In a general aspect, a wavelength of light is measured. In some aspects, a wavelength measurement system includes an interferometer, a camera system, a sensor and a control system. The interferometer includes two reflective surfaces and a transmission medium between the two reflective surfaces. The interferometer is configured to receive an optical signal from a laser and produce an interferogram in response. The camera system is configured to receive the interferogram from the interferometer and generate interferogram data in response. The interferogram data represents the interferogram received from the interferometer. The sensor is configured to sense an environmental parameter of the transmission medium and generate sensor data in response. The control system is configured to perform operations including, receiving the interferogram data from the camera system and the sensor data from the sensor; and computing a wavelength of the laser based on the interferogram data and the sensor data.
In a general aspect, a receiver is disclosed for sensing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation. The receiver includes a dielectric body having an array of cavities ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. The dielectric body also has a region in the array of cavities that defines a defect in the photonic crystal structure. An elongated slot through the region extends from a slot opening in a surface of the dielectric body at least partially through the dielectric body. The receiver also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the elongated slot as well as an optical window covering the elongated slot. The optical window has a window surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal about the slot opening.
In a general aspect, a system is disclosed for sensing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation. The system includes a receiver formed of dielectric material. The receiver includes a photonic crystal structure having an elongated slot disposed therein. The receiver also includes an antenna structure extending from the photonic crystal structure and configured to couple to a target RF electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in a range from 100 MHz – 1 THz. A vapor or source of the vapor in the elongated slot. The system also includes a laser system configured to provide input optical signals to the elongated slot that interact with one or more electronic transitions of the vapor. The system additionally includes an optical detection system configured to detect the target RF electromagnetic radiation based on output optical signals from the elongated slot.
In a general aspect, a radar system includes a photonic crystal receiver. In some aspects, the radar system includes a transmitter station configured to emit probe signals of RF electromagnetic radiation into a region. The radar system also includes a receiver station configured to process return signals of RF electromagnetic radiation from the region. The return signals are based on probe signals scattered from one or more objects in the region. The receiver station includes a photonic crystal receiver formed of dielectric material. The photonic crystal receiver includes an antenna structure, a photonic crystal structure, and a vapor. The receiver station also includes an optical system and a data processing subsystem. The optical system is configured to generate spectroscopic data based on optical signals from the photonic crystal receiver. The data processing subsystem is configured to generate a time series of property data based on the spectroscopic data.
In a general aspect, a receiver is disclosed for sensing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation. The receiver includes a dielectric body having an array of cavities ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. The dielectric body also has a region in the array of cavities that defines a defect in the photonic crystal structure. An elongated slot through the region extends from a slot opening in a surface of the dielectric body at least partially through the dielectric body. The receiver also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the elongated slot as well as an optical window covering the elongated slot. The optical window has a window surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal about the slot opening.
In a general aspect, a radar system includes a photonic crystal receiver. In some aspects, the radar system includes a transmitter station configured to emit probe signals of RF electromagnetic radiation into a region. The radar system also includes a receiver station configured to process return signals of RF electromagnetic radiation from the region. The return signals are based on probe signals scattered from one or more objects in the region. The receiver station includes a photonic crystal receiver formed of dielectric material. The photonic crystal receiver includes an antenna structure, a photonic crystal structure, and a vapor. The receiver station also includes an optical system and a data processing subsystem. The optical system is configured to generate spectroscopic data based on optical signals from the photonic crystal receiver. The data processing subsystem is configured to generate a time series of property data based on the spectroscopic data.
G01S 13/00 - Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systemsAnalogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
In a general aspect, a system is disclosed for sensing radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation. The system includes a receiver formed of dielectric material. The receiver includes a photonic crystal structure having an elongated slot disposed therein. The receiver also includes an antenna structure extending from the photonic crystal structure and configured to couple to a target RF electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in a range from 100 MHz-1 THz. A vapor or source of the vapor in the elongated slot. The system also includes a laser system configured to provide input optical signals to the elongated slot that interact with one or more electronic transitions of the vapor. The system additionally includes an optical detection system configured to detect the target RF electromagnetic radiation based on output optical signals from the elongated slot.
G01S 7/481 - Constructional features, e.g. arrangements of optical elements
G01S 13/00 - Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systemsAnalogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
H01Q 17/00 - Devices for absorbing waves radiated from an antenna Combinations of such devices with active antenna elements or systems
H01Q 1/00 - Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
In a general aspect, vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of cavities extending from the first surface to the second surface and ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. Each cavity has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The photonic crystal structure has a photonic band gap. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
In a general aspect, a device is disclosed for providing a reference frequency of light. The device includes a housing having a first opening and a second opening. A first optical window covers the first opening and is coupled to the housing by a first ceramic bond that forms a hermetic seal around the first opening. A second optical window covers the second opening and is coupled to the housing by a second ceramic bond that forms a hermetic seal around the second opening. The device also includes an etalon disposed within an evacuated volume enclosed by at least the housing, the first optical window, and the second optical window. The device additionally includes one or more supports suspending the etalon in the evacuated volume. The one or more supports are formed of a material having a thermal conductivity no greater than 5 W/m·K at room temperature.
G02B 6/293 - Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
F21V 8/00 - Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems
In a general aspect, an imaging method is presented that includes receiving, at a vapor-cell sensor, input optical signals and electromagnetic radiation from at least a test device to generate an output optical signal. The output optical signal is processed at a single pixel camera to generate camera output data. An image of the electromagnetic radiation is constructed by operation of a computer system based on the camera output data. In some implementations, the single pixel camera includes a patterned light generator and a photodetector. In these implementations, the imaging method includes receiving, at the photodetector, patterned instances of the output optical signal generated by the patterned light generator. Each patterned instance represents a respective portion of the image of the electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, the intensity of each patterned instance may be measured, by operation of at least the photodetector, to generate the camera output data.
In a general aspect, an imaging method is presented that includes receiving, at a vapor-cell sensor, input optical signals and electromagnetic radiation from at least a test device to generate an output optical signal. The output optical signal is processed at a single pixel camera to generate camera output data. An image of the electromagnetic radiation is constructed by operation of a computer system based on the camera output data. In some implementations, the single pixel camera includes a patterned light generator and a photodetector. In these implementations, the imaging method includes receiving, at the photodetector, patterned instances of the output optical signal generated by the patterned light generator. Each patterned instance represents a respective portion of the image of the electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, the intensity of each patterned instance may be measured, by operation of at least the photodetector, to generate the camera output data.
In a general aspect, vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of cavities extending from the first surface to the second surface and ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. Each cavity has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The photonic crystal structure has a photonic band gap. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
In a general aspect, vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of cavities extending from the first surface to the second surface and ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. Each cavity has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The photonic crystal structure has a photonic band gap. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
Vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of walls extending from the first surface to the second surface. A perimeter wall surrounds an open volume of the dielectric body and interconnected walls are arranged within the open volume to partition the open volume into a plurality of cells. Each cell has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
Vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of walls extending from the first surface to the second surface. A perimeter wall surrounds an open volume of the dielectric body and interconnected walls are arranged within the open volume to partition the open volume into a plurality of cells. Each cell has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
Vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of walls extending from the first surface to the second surface. A perimeter wall surrounds an open volume of the dielectric body and interconnected walls are arranged within the open volume to partition the open volume into a plurality of cells. Each cell has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
In a general aspect, vapor cells are disclosed that include a dielectric body having a first surface and a second surface. The dielectric body includes a plurality of cavities extending from the first surface to the second surface and ordered periodically to define a photonic crystal structure in the dielectric body. Each cavity has a first opening defined by the first surface and a second opening defined by the second surface. The photonic crystal structure has a photonic band gap. The vapor cells additionally include a first optical window covering the first openings and having a surface bonded to the first surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the first openings. A second optical window covers the second openings and has a surface bonded to the second surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around each of the second openings.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell is presented that includes a dielectric body. The dielectric body has a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body. An optical window covers the opening of the cavity and has a surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around the opening. The seal includes metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the dielectric body with a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the optical window.
In a general aspect, a method of manufacturing a vapor cell is presented. The method includes obtaining a dielectric body having a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body. The method also includes obtaining an optical window that includes a surface. The surfaces of the dielectric body and the optical window are altered to include, respectively, a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands and a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands. The method additionally includes disposing a vapor, or a source of the vapor, into the cavity. The altered surface of the dielectric body is contacted to the altered surface of the optical window to form a seal around the opening to the cavity. The seal includes metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting the first plurality of hydroxyl ligands with the second plurality of hydroxyl ligands during contact of the altered surfaces.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell is presented that includes a dielectric body. The dielectric body includes a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body and a plurality of holes between the cavity and a side of the dielectric body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body. An optical window covers the opening of the cavity and has a surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around the opening. Methods of manufacturing vapor cells are also presented.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell is presented that includes a dielectric body. The dielectric body includes a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body and a plurality of holes between the cavity and a side of the dielectric body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body. An optical window covers the opening of the cavity and has a surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around the opening. Methods of manufacturing vapor cells are also presented.
In a general aspect, a method of manufacturing a vapor cell is presented. The method includes obtaining a dielectric body having a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body. The method also includes obtaining an optical window that includes a surface. The surfaces of the dielectric body and the optical window are altered to include, respectively, a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands and a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands. The method additionally includes disposing a vapor, or a source of the vapor, into the cavity. The altered surface of the dielectric body is contacted to the altered surface of the optical window to form a seal around the opening to the cavity. The seal includes metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting the first plurality of hydroxyl ligands with the second plurality of hydroxyl ligands during contact of the altered surfaces.
In a general aspect, a wavelength of light is measured. In some aspects, a wavelength measurement system includes an interferometer, a camera system, a sensor and a control system. The interferometer includes two reflective surfaces and a transmission medium between the two reflective surfaces. The interferometer is configured to receive an optical signal from a laser and produce an interferogram in response. The camera system is configured to receive the interferogram from the interferometer and generate interferogram data in response. The interferogram data represents the interferogram received from the interferometer. The sensor is configured to sense an environmental parameter of the transmission medium and generate sensor data in response. The control system is configured to perform operations including, receiving the interferogram data from the camera system and the sensor data from the sensor; and computing a wavelength of the laser based on the interferogram data and the sensor data.
In a general aspect, a vapor cell is presented that includes a dielectric body. The dielectric body has a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body. An optical window covers the opening of the cavity and has a surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around the opening. The seal includes metal-oxygen bonds formed by reacting a first plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the dielectric body with a second plurality of hydroxyl ligands on the surface of the optical window.
In a general aspect, an imaging method is presented that includes receiving, at a vapor-cell sensor, input optical signals and electromagnetic radiation from at least a test device to generate an output optical signal. The output optical signal is processed at a single pixel camera to generate camera output data. An image of the electromagnetic radiation is constructed by operation of a computer system based on the camera output data. In some implementations, the single pixel camera includes a patterned light generator and a photodetector. In these implementations, the imaging method includes receiving, at the photodetector, patterned instances of the output optical signal generated by the patterned light generator. Each patterned instance represents a respective portion of the image of the electromagnetic radiation. Moreover, the intensity of each patterned instance may be measured, by operation of at least the photodetector, to generate the camera output data.
In a general aspect, fields of electromagnetic radiation are imaged. In some aspects, an imaging method includes receiving electromagnetic radiation at a vapor-cell sensor. The method also includes passing beams of light through the vapor-cell sensor, one or more of the beams of light reflecting off a dielectric mirror of the vapor-cell sensor. The method additionally includes receiving at least one of the beams of light at an optical imaging system. The optical imaging system is configured to measure spatial properties of a beam of light. The method also includes determining one or both of an amplitude and a phase of the electromagnetic radiation based on spatial properties of the at least one received beam of light. Systems for imaging fields of electromagnetic radiation are also presented.
In a general aspect, fields of electromagnetic radiation are imaged. In some aspects, an imaging method includes receiving electromagnetic radiation at a vapor-cell sensor. The method also includes passing beams of light through the vapor-cell sensor, one or more of the beams of light reflecting off a dielectric mirror of the vapor-cell sensor. The method additionally includes receiving at least one of the beams of light at an optical imaging system. The optical imaging system is configured to measure spatial properties of a beam of light. The method also includes determining one or both of an amplitude and a phase of the electromagnetic radiation based on spatial properties of the at least one received beam of light. Systems for imaging fields of electromagnetic radiation are also presented.
In a general aspect, electromagnetic emissions from a cell tower are measured. In some aspects, a method includes receiving, at a vapor-cell sensor system associated with the cell tower, electromagnetic radiation from an antenna system disposed on the cell tower. The method includes receiving, at the vapor-cell sensor system, input optical signals communicated from a laser system through respective input optical channels. Output optical signals are generated in the vapor-cell sensor system based on the input optical signals and the electromagnetic radiation. The method additionally includes sending, from the vapor-cell sensor system, the output optical signals through one or more respective output optical channels to a detection system. Systems for measuring electromagnetic emissions from a cell tower are also presented.
H01Q 3/00 - Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
H04B 17/309 - Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
In a general aspect, electromagnetic emissions from a cell tower are measured. In some aspects, a method includes receiving, at a vapor-cell sensor system associated with the cell tower, electromagnetic radiation from an antenna system disposed on the cell tower. The method includes receiving, at the vapor-cell sensor system, input optical signals communicated from a laser system through respective input optical channels. Output optical signals are generated in the vapor-cell sensor system based on the input optical signals and the electromagnetic radiation. The method additionally includes sending, from the vapor-cell sensor system, the output optical signals through one or more respective output optical channels to a detection system. Systems for measuring electromagnetic emissions from a cell tower are also presented.
H01Q 3/00 - Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
H04B 17/309 - Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
77.
Vapor cells having reduced scattering cross-sections and their methods of manufacture
In a general aspect, a vapor cell is presented that includes a dielectric body. The dielectric body includes a surface that defines an opening to a cavity in the dielectric body and a plurality of holes between the cavity and a side of the dielectric body. The vapor cell also includes a vapor or a source of the vapor in the cavity of the dielectric body. An optical window covers the opening of the cavity and has a surface bonded to the surface of the dielectric body to form a seal around the opening. Methods of manufacturing vapor cells are also presented.
In a general aspect, electromagnetic emissions from a cell tower are measured. In some aspects, a method includes receiving, at a vapor-cell sensor system associated with the cell tower, electromagnetic radiation from an antenna system disposed on the cell tower. The method includes receiving, at the vapor-cell sensor system, input optical signals communicated from a laser system through respective input optical channels. Output optical signals are generated in the vapor-cell sensor system based on the input optical signals and the electromagnetic radiation. The method additionally includes sending, from the vapor-cell sensor system, the output optical signals through one or more respective output optical channels to a detection system. Systems for measuring electromagnetic emissions from a cell tower are also presented.
G01R 33/26 - Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables involving magnetic resonance for measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using optical pumping
In a general aspect, fields of electromagnetic radiation are imaged. In some aspects, an imaging method includes receiving electromagnetic radiation at a vapor-cell sensor. The method also includes passing beams of light through the vapor-cell sensor, one or more of the beams of light reflecting off a dielectric mirror of the vapor-cell sensor. The method additionally includes receiving at least one of the beams of light at an optical imaging system. The optical imaging system is configured to measure spatial properties of a beam of light. The method also includes determining one or both of an amplitude and a phase of the electromagnetic radiation based on spatial properties of the at least one received beam of light. Systems for imaging fields of electromagnetic radiation are also presented.
patents
