An intermediate temperature sodium-halogen secondary cell that includes a negative electrode compartment housing a negative, molten sodium-based electrode and a positive electrode compartment housing a current collector disposed in a highly conductive molten positive electrolyte. A sodium halide (NaX) positive electrode is disposed in a molten positive electrolyte comprising one or more AlX3 salts, wherein X may be the same or different halogen selected from Cl, Br, and I, wherein the ratio of NaX to AlX3 is greater than or equal to one. A sodium ion conductive solid electrolyte membrane separates the molten sodium negative electrode from the molten positive electrolyte. The secondary cell operates at a temperature in the range from about 80° C to 210° C.
A method for removing nitrogen from natural gas includes contacting substantially dry natural gas that contains unwanted nitrogen with lithium metal. The nitrogen reacts with lithium to form lithium nitride, which is recovered for further processing, and pipeline quality natural gas. The natural gas may optionally contain other chemical species that may be reduced by lithium, such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and small amounts of water. These lithium reducible species may be removed from the natural gas concurrently with the removal of nitrogen. The lithium nitride is subjected to an electrochemical process to regenerate lithium metal. In an alternative embodiment, lithium nitride is reacted with sulfur to form lithium sulfide and nitrogen. The lithium sulfide is subjected to an electrochemical process to regenerate lithium metal and sulfur. The electrochemical processes are advantageously performed in an electrolytic cell containing a lithium ion selective membrane separator.
C10L 3/10 - Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas
B01D 53/32 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by electrical effects other than those provided for in group
B03C 3/00 - Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
An electrolytic method of producing olefins from alkali metal salts of carboxylic acids is disclosed. The carboxylic acid may be from a variety of sources including fermented biomass that is subsequently neutralized using an alkali metal base. The method enables the efficient production of olefins including alpha-olefins as well as useful olefin products such as synthetic oils.
A system treats off gas from a waste incinerator to decrease potentially negative aspects of the off gas to the environment. The system includes a waste incinerator and a plasma oxidizer. The waste incinerator includes an incineration chamber to contain a waste material during at least a portion of an incineration process of the waste material. The waste incinerator also includes an exhaust outlet to exhaust an off gas from the incineration process of the waste material. The plasma oxidizer is coupled to the waste incinerator to receive and oxidize the off gas from the exhaust outlet of the waste incinerator. The plasma oxidizer includes a non-thermal gliding electric arc oxidation system to generate the plasma.
Molten salt electrolytes are described for use in electrochemical synthesis of hydrocarbons from carboxylic acids. The molten salt electrolyte can be used to synthesize a wide variety of hydrocarbons with and without functional groups that have a broad range of applications. The molten salt can be used to synthesize saturated hydrocarbons, diols, alkylated aromatic compounds, as well as other types of hydrocarbons. The molten salt electrolyte increases the selectivity, yield, the energy efficiency and Coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical conversion of carboxylic acids to hydrocarbons while reducing the cell potential required to perform the oxidation.
C25B 9/00 - Cells or assemblies of cellsConstructional parts of cellsAssemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assembliesProcess-related cell features
C25B 15/08 - Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytesRegeneration of electrolytes
An intermediate temperature molten sodium - metal halide rechargeable battery utilizes a molten eutectic mixture of sodium haloaluminate salts having a relatively low melting point that enables the battery to operate at substantially lower temperature compared to the traditional ZEBRA battery system and utilize a highly conductive NaSICON solid electrolyte membrane. The positive electrode comprises a mixture of NaX and MX, where X is a halogen selected from Cl, Br and I and M is a metal selected Ni, Fe, and Zn. The positive electrode is disposed in a mixed molten salt positive electrolyte comprising at least two salts that can be represented by the formula NaAlX'4-δX"δ, where 0 < δ < 4, wherein X' and X" are different halogens selected from Cl, Br and I. The positive electrode may include additional NaX added in a molar ratio ranging from 1:1 to 3:1 of NaX : NaAlX'4-δX"δ.
H01M 10/39 - Accumulators not provided for in groups working at high temperature
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
7.
HIGH TEMPERATURE SODIUM BATTERY WITH HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY
A molten sodium secondary cell charges at a high temperature and discharges at a relatively lower temperature. The cell includes a sodium anode and a cathode. A sodium ion conductive solid membrane separates the cathode from the sodium anode and selectively transports sodium ions. A solar energy source includes a photovoltaic system to provide an electric charging potential to the sodium anode and the cathode and a solar thermal concentrator to provide heat to the cathode and catholyte composition to cause the molten sodium secondary cell to charge at a temperature in the range from about 300 to 800 °C. The cell has a charge temperature and a charge voltage and a discharge temperature and a discharge voltage. The charge temperature is substantially higher than the discharge temperature, and the charge voltage is lower than the discharge voltage.
A sodium-halogen secondary cell that includes a negative electrode compartment housing a negative, sodium-based electrode and a positive electrode compartment housing a current collector disposed in a liquid positive electrode solution. The liquid positive electrode solution includes a halogen and/or a halide. The cell includes a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode from the liquid positive electrode solution. Although in some cases, the negative sodium-based electrode is molten during cell operation, in other cases, the negative electrode includes a sodium electrode or a sodium intercalation carbon electrode that is solid during operation.
A process involves separating hydrogen that is produced from a reformer. Specifically, the products, which include hydrogen, CO2 and hydrocarbons, are added to a CaO bed. The CaO reacts with the CO2 to form CaCO3, thereby removing CO2 from the products. The remaining products (e.g., hydrocarbons and hydrogen) may be separated using a hydrogen-sensitive membrane. This membrane will produce a refined, purified supply of hydrogen gas.
B01D 53/22 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by diffusion
B01D 61/00 - Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltrationApparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
A method for upgrading bio-mass material is provided. The method involves electrolytic reduction of the material in an electrochemical cell having a ceramic, oxygen-ion conducting membrane, where the membrane includes an electrolyte. One or more oxygenated or partially-oxygenated compounds are reduced by applying an electrical potential to the electrochemical cell. A system for upgrading bio-mass material is also disclosed.
An additive that is added to the NaAlX4 electrolyte for use in a ZEBRA battery (or other similar battery). This additive has a moiety with a partial positive charge (δ+) that attracts the negative charge of the [AlX4]- moiety and weakens the ionic bond between the Na+ and [AlX4]- moieties, thereby freeing some Na+ ions to transport (move). By using a suitable NaAlX4 electrolyte additive, the battery may be operated at much lower temperatures than are typical of ZEBRA batteries (such as, for example, at temperatures between 150 and 200°C). Additionally, the additive also lowers the viscosity of the electrolyte solution and improves sodium conductivity. Non-limiting examples of the additive SOCl2, SO2, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, CH3SOCH3), CH3S(O)Cl, SO2Cl2. A further advantage of using this additive is that it allows the use of a NaSICON membrane in a ZEBRA-type battery at lower temperatures compared to a typical ZEBRA battery.
A hybrid battery with a sodium anode is designed for use at a range of temperatures where the sodium is solid and where the sodium is molten. When the battery is at colder temperatures or when the vehicle is idle and needs to be "started," the anode will be solid sodium metal. At the same time, the battery is designed such that, once the electric vehicle has been "started" and operated for a short period of time, heat is directed to the battery to melt the solid sodium anode into a molten form. In other words, the hybrid battery operates under temperature conditions where the sodium is solid and under temperature conditions where the sodium is molten.
A system and process to make cyclic, saturated hydrocarbons from aromatic hydrocarbon intermediates from catalyzed nonoxidative dehydroaromatization (DHA) of methane. The system (600) includes two reaction zones (610, 670), one containing a dehydroaromatization catalyst (612) and a second containing a hydrogenation catalyst (680). Methane reacts in the first reaction zone (612) with the DHA catalyst resulting in aromatic hydrocarbons concomitantly produced with hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is removed and introduced to the second reaction zone (670) with the aromatic hydrocarbon to reductively produce saturated, cyclic hydrocarbons.
C10G 45/04 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbonsHydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
14.
LOW TEMPERATURE SECONDARY CELL WITH SODIUM INTERCALATION ELECTRODE
The present invention provides a molten sodium secondary cell. In some cases, the secondary cell includes a sodium metal negative electrode, a positive electrode compartment that includes a positive electrode disposed in a molten positive electrolyte comprising Na-FSA (sodium-bis(fluorosulonyl)amide), and a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode from the positive electrolyte. One disclosed example of electrolyte membrane material includes, without limitation, a NaSICON-type membrane. The positive electrode includes a sodium intercalation electrode. Non-limiting examples of the sodium intercalation electrode include NaxMnO2, NaxCrO2, NaxNiO, and NaxFey(PO4)z. The cell is functional at an operating temperature between about 100 C and about 150 C, and preferably between about 110 C and about 130 C.
H01M 10/04 - Construction or manufacture in general
H01M 4/02 - Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
H01M 4/38 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
15.
LOW TEMPERATURE BATTERY WITH MOLTEN SODIUM-FSA ELECTROLYTE
The present invention provides a molten sodium secondary cell. In some cases, the secondary cell includes a sodium metal negative electrode, a positive electrode compartment that includes a positive electrode disposed in a molten positive electrolyte comprising Na-FSA (sodium-bis(fluorosulonyl)amide), and a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane that separates the negative electrode from the positive electrolyte. One disclosed example of electrolyte membrane material includes, without limitation, a NaSICON-type membrane. Non-limiting examples of the positive electrode include Ni, Zn, Cu, or Fe. The cell is functional at an operating temperature between about 100 C and about 150 C, and preferably between about 110 C and about 130 C.
Alkali metals (126) and sulfur (128) may be recovered from alkali monosulfide and polysulfides (122) in an electrolytic process that utilizes an electrolytic cell (120) having an alkali ion conductive membrane. An anolyte solution includes an alkali monosulfide, an alkali polysulfide, or a mixture thereof and a solvent that dissolves elemental sulfur. A catholyte includes molten alkali metal. Applying an electric current oxidizes sulfide and polysulfide in the anolyte compartment, causes alkali metal ions to pass through the alkali ion conductive membrane to the catholyte compartment, and reduces the alkali metal ions in the catholyte compartment. Liquid sulfur separates from the anolyte solution and may be recovered. The electrolytic cell is operated at a temperature where the formed alkali metal and sulfur are molten.
C10G 15/00 - Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
C10G 32/00 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
17.
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ARYL-ALKYL COUPLING USING DECARBOXYLATION
A method for alkylating aromatic compounds is described using an electrochemical decarboxylation process. This process produces aryl-alkyl compounds that have properties useful in Group V lubricants (and other products) from abundant and economical carboxylic acids. The process presented here is also advantageous as it is conducted at moderate temperatures and conditions, without the need of a catalyst. The electrochemical decarboxylation has only H2 and CO2 as its by-products, as opposed to halide by-products.
A method that produces coupled radical products. The method involves obtaining a sodium salt of a sulfonic acid (R-SO3-Na). The alkali metal salt is then used in an anolyte as part of an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell may include an alkali ion conducting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). When the cell is operated, the alkali metal salt of the sulfonic acid desulfoxylates and forms radicals. Such radicals are then bonded to other radicals, thereby producing a coupled radical product such as a hydrocarbon. The produced hydrocarbon may be, for example, saturated, unsaturated, branched, or unbranched, depending upon the starting material.
The present invention provides an electrochemical cell (10) that includes an anolyte compartment (15) housing an anode electrode (20); a catholyte compartment (25) housing a cathode electrode (30); and a solid alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane (35) separating the anolyte compartment (15) from the cathode compartment (25). In some cases, the electrolyte membrane (35) is selected from a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane and a lithium ion conductive membrane. In some cases, the at least one of anode (20) or the cathode (30) includes an alkali metal intercalation material.
A NaSICON cell (10) is used to convert carbon dioxide (42) into a usable, valuable product (50). In general, this reaction occurs at the cathode (28) where electrons are used to reduce the carbon dioxide (42), in the presence of water (46) and/or hydrogen gas, to form formate, methane, ethylene, other hydrocarbons and/or other chemicals. The particular chemical that is formed depends upon the reaction conditions, the voltage applied, etc.
A method for converting carboxylic acids (including carboxylic acids derived from biomass) into hydrocarbons. The produced hydrocarbons will generally have at least two oxygen containing substituents (or other substituents). In one example of application, the electrolysis converts alkali salts of carboxylic acids into diols which can then be used as solvents or be dehydrated to produce dienes, which can then be used to produce elastic polymeric materials. This process allows custom synthesis of high value chemicals from renewable feed stocks such as carboxylic acids derived from biomass.
The present invention provides an electrochemical cell (210) having an negative electrode compartment (215) and a positive electrode compartment (225). A solid alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane (240) is positioned between the negative electrode compartment (215) and the positive electrode compartment (225). A catholyte solution in the positive electrode compartment (225) includes a halide ion or pseudohalide ion concentration greater than 3M, which provides degradation protection to the alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane (240). The halide ion or pseudohalide ion is selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, azide, thiocyanate, and cyanide. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell (210) is a molten sodium rechargeable cell which functions at an operating temperature between about 100°C and about 150°C.
C25B 9/10 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms including an ion-exchange membrane in or on which electrode material is embedded
C25B 15/08 - Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytesRegeneration of electrolytes
23.
SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR CONVERTING NATURAL GAS INTO BENZENE
A system (100) and process to produce an aromatic hydrocarbon via catalyzed nonoxidative dehydroaromatization (DHA). The system (100) includes a reaction zone (110) containing a dehydroaromatization catalyst (112). A reactant feed stream inlet supplies a reactant composition, such as natural gas, to the reaction zone (110). A heater maintains the reaction zone (110) at a suitable dehydroaromatization temperature. A product stream exit (120) removes the aromatic hydrocarbon produced by the nonoxidative dehydroaromatization of the reactant composition from the reaction zone (110). A hydrogen separation membrane (118) is disposed between the reaction zone (110) and a hydrogen stream exit (120) to enable continuous and selective removal of hydrogen produced in the reaction zone (110). A hydrogen recycle stream diverts a portion of hydrogen from the hydrogen stream exit (120) and adds the portion of hydrogen to the reactant composition supplied to the reaction zone (110). The hydrogen may also be used to regenerate the dehydroaromatization catalyst (112).
Corrosion of ferrous material such as steel or stainless steel is a problem in oil pipelines, oil storage tanks, and the piping and process equipment at oil refineries, and this corrosion may be reduced by reducing the TAN value of the oil feedstock that is used/transported within the ferrous material. This TAN value may be reduced by reacting the oil feedstock with an alkali metal, thereby forming a de-acidified alkali metal. The de-acidified alkali metal has a TAN value of less than or equal to 1 mgKOH/g.
C07C 1/32 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from compounds containing hetero atoms other than, or in addition to, oxygen or halogen
An apparatus includes a heat transfer structure configured to be disposed at least partially within an enclosure of a fixed bed reactor and operable to transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink. The heat transfer structure includes a plurality of fins each fin including a first end and a second end, the first end contacting an inner surface of the enclosure of the fixed bed reactor, the second end at least partially enclosed within the enclosure of the fixed bed reactor. A path of at least one of the plurality of fins comprises the shortest possible length between the first end of the at least one of the plurality of fins and the second end of the at least one of the plurality of fins.
The present invention provides a secondary cell having a negative electrode compartment (15) and a positive electrode compartment (25), which are separated by an alkali ion conductive electrolyte membrane (40). An alkali metal negative electrode (20) disposed in the negative electrode compartment (15) oxidizes to release alkali ions as the cell discharges and reduces the alkali ions to alkali metal during recharge. The positive electrode compartment (25) includes a positive electrode (30) contacting a positive electrode solution (35) that includes an alkali metal compound and a metal halide. The alkali metal compound can be selected from an alkali halide and an alkali pseudo-halide. During discharge, the metal ion reduces to form metal plating on the positive electrode. As the cell charges, the metal plating oxidizes to strip the metal plating to form metal halide or pseudo halide or corresponding metal complex.
A sodium-halogen secondary cell (10) that includes a negative electrode compartment housing (15) a negative, sodium-based electrode (20) and a positive electrode compartment housing (25) a current collector (30) disposed in a liquid positive electrode solution (35). The liquid positive electrode solution (35) includes a halogen and/or a halide. The cell (10) includes a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane (40) that separates the negative electrode (20) from the liquid positive electrode solution (35). Although in some cases, the negative sodium-based electrode (20) is molten during cell operation, in other cases, the negative electrode includes a sodium electrode or a sodium intercalation carbon electrode that is solid during operation.
A method that combines the oil retorting process (or other process needed to obtain/extract heavy oil or bitumen) with the process for upgrading these materials using sodium or other alkali metals. Specifically, the shale gas or other gases that are obtained from the retorting/extraction process may be introduced into the upgrading reactor and used to upgrade the oil feedstock. Also, the solid materials obtained from the reactor may be used as a fuel source, thereby providing the heat necessary for the retorting/extraction process. Other forms of integration are also disclosed.
C10G 1/02 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
C10G 19/073 - Refining hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by alkaline treatment with solid alkaline material
29.
APPARATUS AND METHOD OF PRODUCING METAL IN A NASICON ELECTROLYTIC CELL
A process of producing metal that includes adding a quantity of a alkoxide (M(OR)x) or another metal salt to a cathode compartment of an electrolytic cell and electrolyzing the cell. This electrolyzing causes a quantity of alkali metal ions to migrate into the cathode compartment and react with the metal alkoxide, thereby producing metal and an alkali metal alkoxide. In some embodiments, the alkali metal is sodium such that the sodium ions will pass through a sodium ion selective membrane, such as a NaSICON membrane, into the cathode compartment.
An apparatus (1) for providing controlled delivery of a beneficial agent (2) is disclosed. In one embodiment, such an apparatus (1) includes a water chamber (8) and a filter to produce filtered water by removing impurities from water introduced into the water chamber. A water-transporting membrane transports filtered water from the water chamber (8) to an extraction chamber, thereby expanding the extraction chamber. The extraction chamber contains an osmagent that provides the driving force to pull the filtered water through the water-transporting membrane. As the extraction chamber expands, a dispensing chamber containing a beneficial agent (2) contracts. This causes the beneficial agent to be expelled through a port (10) in communication with the dispensing chamber. A corresponding method is also disclosed.
B67D 7/72 - Devices for applying air or other gas pressure for forcing liquid to delivery point
B65D 81/32 - Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents for packaging two or more different materials which must be maintained separate prior to use in admixture
B01D 61/00 - Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltrationApparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
An animal litter composition that includes geopolymerized ash particulates having a network of repeating aluminum-silicon units is described herein. Generally, the animal litter is made from a quantity of a pozzolanic ash mixed with an alkaline activator to initiate a geopolymerization reaction that forms geopolymerized ash. This geopolymerization reaction may occur within a pelletizer. After the geopolymerized ash is formed, it may be dried and sieved to a desired size. These geopolymerized ash particulates may be used to make a non-clumping or clumping animal litter or other absorbing material. Aluminum sulfate, clinoptilolite, silica gel, sodium alginate and mineral oil may be added as additional ingredients.
The present invention provides a rechargeable battery. The battery includes a honeycomb separator (20) which defines therein a plurality of cells separated from adjacent cells by thin, non-porous cell walls (30) of a substantially non-porous, alkali ion conductive ceramic membrane material. The battery includes a plurality of positive electrodes (55), each positive electrode (55) being disposed in a respective positive electrode cell (65) of the honeycomb separator (20). Each positive electrode cell (65) contains a positive electrode electrochemical material that undergoes electrochemical reduction during battery discharge and electrochemical oxidation during battery charge. Negative electrodes (50) are disposed in respective negative electrode cells (60) of the honeycomb separator (20). Each negative electrode cell (60) contains a negative electrode electrochemical material that undergoes electrochemical oxidation during battery discharge and electrochemical reduction during battery charge. The positive (55) and negative (50) electrodes are disposed in the cells of the honeycomb separator (20) in a checkerboard pattern.
Provided is a sodium secondary battery having excellent sodium ion conductivity and including an anode formed by receiving sodium (Na) at an inner side of a solid electrolyte, and a cathode formed by receiving nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) or sulfur (S) at an outer side thereof.
There is provided a sodium secondary battery, including: an anode containing sodium; a cathode containing a sodium salt, a first polymer, and a cathode active material allowing reversible intercalation/deintercalation of sodium ions; and a solid electrolyte provided between the anode and the cathode and having sodium ion conductivity, wherein the first polymer contained in the cathode is melted at an operating temperature of the sodium secondary battery and forms a complex together with the sodium salt.
A method for manufacturing a sodium secondary battery according to the present invention comprises the steps of: a) inserting a current collector into an anode space partitioned from a cathode space by a sodium-ion conductive solid electrolyte; and b) injecting an active material containing an anode active material into the anode space into which the current collector is inserted.
A Fischer Tropsch ("FT") unit (100) includes at least one FT reactor tube (60). The FT reactor tube (60) is configured to convert syngas into one or more hydrocarbon products. Inside the tube is a nano-sized catalyst particles dispersed in a micro-fibrous substrate. The FT reactor tube (60) may be positioned within a cooling block (10) that may be made of aluminum or another metal. The cooling block (10) includes an aperture (15), wherein the FT reactor tube (60) is housed within the aperture (15). At least one cooling channel (20) is located on the cooling block (10). The cooling channel (20) houses at least one cooling tube (70) that is designed to dissipate the heat produced by the FT reaction.
A Fischer Tropsch ("FT") reactor (110) includes at least one FT tube (110). The FT tube (110) may include a catalyst that is designed to catalyze an FT reaction, thereby creating a hydrocarbon from syngas. The FT reactor (100) also includes a primary cooling fluid flow path that extends in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal length of the FT tube (110). A secondary cooling fluid flow path extends in a direction that is different than the direction of the primary cooling fluid flow path.
B01J 19/00 - Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in generalTheir relevant apparatus
C10G 2/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
C07C 1/04 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
A Fischer Tropsch ("FT") unit (115) that includes an FT tube (110) that is packed with a catalyst. The catalyst is designed to catalyze an FT reaction to produce a hydrocarbon. An insert (100) that is positioned within the FT tube (110). The insert (100) comprises at least one cross-piece (118) that contacts an inner surface (126) of the FT tube (110) and at least one cross-fin (127) extending from the cross-piece (118). There may be a corresponding second cross-fin adjacent each cross-fin (127). Both the cross-fins and the second cross-fins may be disposed radially outwardly such that the edge (131) of the cross-fins (127) are closer to the inner surface (126) of the FT tube (110) than is the base (133) of the cross-fins (127).
Provided is a sodium secondary battery including: an anode containing sodium (Na); a cathode containing nickel; a cathode electrolytic liquid contacting the cathode and containing a sodium salt; and a solid electrolyte separating the anode from the cathode electrolytic liquid from each other and having sodium ion conductivity.
A process for upgrading an oil feedstock (102) includes reacting the oil feedstock (102) with a quantity of an alkali metal (106), wherein the reaction produces solid materials and liquid materials. The solid materials are separated from the liquid materials. The solid materials may be washed and heat treated (109) by heating the materials to a temperature above 400 C. The heat treating (109) occurs in an atmosphere that has low oxygen and water content. Once heat treated (109), the solid materials are added to a solution comprising a polar solvent, where sulfide, hydrogen sulfide or polysulfide anions dissolve. The solution comprising polar solvent is then added to an electrolytic cell (120), which during operation, produces alkali metal (106) and sulfur (128).
An electrochemical cell (210) having a composite alkali ion-conductive electrolyte membrane (215). Generally, the cell (210) includes a catholyte compartment (214) and an anolyte compartment (212) that are separated by the composite alkali ion-conductive electrolyte membrane (215). The composite electrolyte membrane (215) includes a layer of alkali ion-conductive material (216) and one or more layers of alkali intercalation compound (222) which is chemically stable upon exposure to a chemically reactive anolyte solution or catholyte solution thereby protecting the layer of alkali ion-conductive material (216) from unwanted chemical reaction. The layer of alkali intercalation compound (222) conducts alkali ions. The cell (210) may operate and protect the alkali ion-conductive material (216) under conditions that would be adverse to the material if the intercalation compound were not present. The composite membrane (215) may include a cation conductor layer having additional capability to protect the composite electrolyte membrane (215) from adverse conditions.
C25B 13/04 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material
H01M 10/0565 - Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
H01B 1/12 - Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materialsSelection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
Lithium-ion-conducting ceramic materials are disclosed having characteristics of high lithium-ion conductivity at low temperatures, good current efficiency, and stability in water and corrosive media under static and electrochemical conditions. Some general formulas for the lithium-ion-conducting materials include MI1+x+z-δMIIIxMIVayMIVb2-x-yMVzP3-zO12 and MI1+x+4z-δMIIIxMIVayMIVb2-x-y-zP3O12, wherein MI comprises Li, Na, or mixtures thereof; 0.05
C04B 35/46 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxides based on titanium oxides or titanates
Ketones, specifically Methyl ethyl ketone ("MEK") and octanedione, may be formed from six carbon sugars. This process involves obtaining a quantity of a six carbon sugar (604) and then reacting the sugar to form levulinic acid and formic acid. The levulinic acid and formic acid are then converted to an alkali metal levulinate (608) and an alkali metal formate (such as, for example, sodium levulinate and sodium formate.) The alkali metal levulinate is placed in an anolyte (612) along with hydrogen gas (616) that is used in an electrolytic cell (620). The alkali metal levulinate within the anolyte is decarboxylated (624) to form MEK radicals, wherein the MEK radicals react with hydrogen gas to form MEK, or MEK radicals react with eachother to form octanedione. The alkali metal formate may also be decarboxylated in the cell, thereby forming hydrogen radicals that react with the MEK radicals to form MEK.
C07C 45/66 - Preparation of compounds having C=O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atomsPreparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of C=O groups by splitting-off hydrogen atoms or functional groupsPreparation of compounds having C=O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atomsPreparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of C=O groups by hydrogenolysis of functional groups by dehydration
C07C 45/78 - SeparationPurificationStabilisationUse of additives
C07C 49/20 - Unsaturated compounds containing keto groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
44.
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR UPGRADING PETROLEUM FEEDSTOCKS USING AN ALKALI METAL CONDUCTIVE MEMBRANE
A reactor has two chambers, namely an oil feedstock chamber and a source chamber. An ion separator separates the oil feedstock chamber from the source chamber, wherein the ion separator allows alkali metal ions to pass from the source chamber, through the ion separator, and into the oil feedstock chamber. A cathode is at least partially housed within the oil feedstock chamber and an anode is at least partially housed within the source chamber. A quantity of an oil feedstock is within the oil feedstock chamber, the oil feedstock comprising at least one carbon atom and a heteroatom and/or one or more heavy metals, the oil feedstock further comprising naphthenic acid. When the alkali metal ion enters the oil feedstock chamber, the alkali metal reacts with the heteroatom, the heavy metals and/or the naphthenic acid, wherein the reaction with the alkali metal forms inorganic products.
Methods and apparatus for separating aqueous solution of alkali aluminate into alkali hydroxide and aluminate hydroxide are disclosed. These methods are enabled by the use of alkali ion conductive membranes in electrolytic cells that are chemically stable and alkali ion selective. The alkali ion conductive membrane includes a chemically stable ionic-selective cation membrane.
A process for removing sulfur, nitrogen or metals from an oil feedstock (102) (such as heavy oil, bitumen, shale oil, etc.) The method involves reacting the oil (102) feedstock with an alkali metal (108) and a radical capping substance (106). The alkali metal (108) reacts with the metal, sulfur or nitrogen content to form one or more inorganic products and the radical capping substance (106) reacts with the carbon and hydrogen content to form a hydrocarbon phase. The inorganic products may then be separated out from the hydrocarbon phase (116).
A method for upgrading pyrolysis oil into a hydrocarbon fuel involves obtaining a quantity of pyrolysis oil, separating (130) the pyrolysis oil into an organic phase and an aqueous phase, and then upgrading (160) the organic phase into a hydrocarbon fuel by reacting the organic phase with hydrogen gas using a catalyst. The catalyst used in the reaction includes a support material, an active metal and a zirconia promoter material. The support material may be alumina, silica gel, carbon, silicalite or a zeolite material. The active metal may be copper, iron, nickel or cobalt. The zirconia promoter material may be zirconia itself, zirconia doped with Y, zirconia doped with Sc and zirconia doped with Yb.
A battery (100) having a first electrode (104) and a second electrode (108). The first electrode (104) is made of metal and the second electrode (108) is made of an oxidized material that is capable of being electrochemically reduced by the metal of the first electrode (104). An alkali-ion conductive, substantially non-porous separator (120) is disposed between the first (104) and second electrode (108). A first electrolyte (134) contacts the first electrode (104). The first electrolyte (134) includes a solvent (154) which is non-reactive with the metal, and a salt bearing an alkali ion that may be conducted through the separator (120), wherein the salt is at least partially soluble in the solvent (120). A second electrolyte (138) is also used. The second electrolyte (138) contacts the second electrode (108). The second electrolyte (138) at least partially dissolves the salt that forms upon the oxidized material being electrochemically reduced.
Ammonia is synthesized using electrochemical and non-electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical reactions occur in an electrolytic cell (110) having a lithium ion conductive membrane (112) that divides the electrochemical cell (110) into an anolyte compartment (114) and a catholyte compartment (116). The catholyte compartment (116) includes a porous cathode (120) closely associated with the lithium ion conductive membrane (112). The overall electrochemical reaction is: 6LiOH + N2→ Li3N (s) + 3H2O + 3/2O2. The nitrogen (128) may be produced by a nitrogen generator (130). The non-electrochemical reaction involves reacting lithium nitride with water and/or steam as follows: Li3N (s) + 3H2O→ 3LiOH + NH3 (g). The ammonia is vented and collected. The lithium hydroxide is preferably recycled and introduced into the anolyte compartment. The electrolytic cell (110) is shut down prior to reacting the lithium nitride with water. The cathode (120) is preferably dried prior to start up of the electrolytic cell (1 10) and electrolyzing Li+ and N2 at the cathode (120).
A nickel-metal hydride (hydrogen) hybrid storage battery comprising a positive electrode containing nickel hydroxide, a combination negative electrode containing a hydrogen storage alloy electrode and a reversible hydrogen electrode, an alkaline electrolyte, and an alkali conducting separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The alkali conducting separator may be a substantially non-porous ion conducting material wherein the alkali conducted is Na, K, or Li. A method of charging and discharging such a hybrid battery is also disclosed.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 10/39 - Accumulators not provided for in groups working at high temperature
H01M 2/14 - Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements
51.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF ALKALI SULFATE INTO USEFUL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Electrochemical processes to convert alkali sulfates into useful chemical products, such as syngas, alkali hydroxide, and sulfur are disclosed. An alkali sulfate is reacted with carbon to form carbon monoxide and alkali sulfide. In one embodiment, the alkali sulfide is dissolved in water and subjected to electrochemical reaction to form alkali hydroxide, hydrogen, and sulfur. In another embodiment, the alkali sulfide is reacted with iodine to form alkali iodide sulfur in a non-aqueous solvent, such as methyl alcohol. The alkali iodide is electrochemically reacted to form alkali hydroxide, hydrogen, and iodine. The iodine may be recycled to react with additional alkali sulfide. The hydrogen and carbon monoxide from both embodiments may be combined to form syngas. The alkali hydroxide from both embodiments may be recovered as a useful industrial chemical.
Hydrocarbons may be formed from six carbon sugars. This process involves obtaining a quantity of a hexose sugar. The hexose sugar may be derived from biomass. The hexose sugar is reacted to form an alkali metal levulinate, an alkali metal valerate, an alkali metal 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or an alkali metal 5-alkoxy pentanoate. An anolyte is then prepared for use in a electrolytic cell. The anolyte contains the alkali metal levulinate, the alkali metal valerate, the alkali metal 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or the alkali metal 5-alkoxy pentanoate. The anolyte is then decarboxylated. This decarboxylating operates to decarboxylate the alkali metal levulinate, the alkali metal valerate, the alkali metal 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or the alkali metal 5-alkoxy pentanoate to form radicals, wherein the radicals react to form a hydrocarbon fuel compound.
Systems and methods for recovering chlorine gas or an alkali metal from an electrolytic cell (10) having an acid-intolerant, alkali-ion-selective membrane (15) are disclosed. In some cases, the cell (10) has an anolyte compartment (20) and a catholyte compartment (25) with an acid-intolerant, alkali-ion selective membrane (15) separating the two. While a cathode (45) is disposed within a catholyte solution (40) in the catholyte compartment (25), a chlorine-gas-evolving anode (35) is typically disposed within an aqueous alkali-chloride solution in the anolyte compartment (20). As current passes between the anode (35) and cathode (45), chlorine ions in the anolyte solution (30) can be oxidized to form chlorine gas. In some cases, the cell (10) is configured so the chlorine gas is rapidly removed from the cell (10) to inhibit a chemical reaction between the chlorine gas and the anolyte solution (30).
Electrochemical systems and methods for producing hydrogen. Generally, the systems and methods involve providing an electrochemical cell (10) that includes an anolyte compartment (15) holding an anode (25) in contact with an anolyte (20), wherein the anolyte (20) includes an oxidizable substance having a higher standard oxidation potential than water. The cell (10) further comprises a catholyte compartment (30) holding a cathode (40) in contact with a catholyte (35) that includes a substance that reduces to form hydrogen. Additionally, the cell (10) includes an alkali cation conductive membrane (45) that separates the anolyte compartment (15) from the catholyte compartment (30). As an electrical potential passes between the anode (25) and cathode (40), the reducible substance reduces to form hydrogen and the oxidizable substance oxidizes to form an oxidized product.
An air treatment device (100) includes a container (102) containing a mixture (104). The container (102) allows the mixture (104) to be selectively exposed to ambient air. In one embodiment, the mixture (104) contains at least the following: (1) a heat-generating material that generates heat when exposed to ambient air; and (2) a volatile substance in intimate contact with the heat-generating material and inert relative to the heat-generating material, wherein the volatile substance vaporizes in the presence of heat. In another embodiment, the mixture (104) contains at least the following: (1) a gas-generating material that produces gas when exposed to ambient air; and (2) a volatile substance in intimate contact with the gas-generating material and inert relative to the gas-generating material, wherein the volatile substance vaporizes in the presence of the generated gas. Corresponding methods are also disclosed herein.
A61L 9/02 - Disinfection, sterilisation or deodorisation of air using gaseous or vaporous substances, e.g. ozone using substances evaporated in the air by heating or combustion
A rechargeable galvanic cell (10) that has a negative electrode material (17) made of a molten alkali metal (such as sodium or lithium). The galvanic cell (10) also includes a positive electrode active material (13) that may be sulfur or iodine. The positive electrode active material (13) may be used in conjunction with a polar solvent (14). An ion-conductive separator (15) is disposed between the polar solvent (14) and the negative electrode material (17). The positive electrode active material (13) has a specific gravity that is greater than the specific gravity of the polar solvent (14). Thus, the positive electrode active material (13) is proximate the bottom of the positive electrode compartment (11) while the polar solvent (14) is above the positive electrode active material (13). The cell (10) is designed to be operated at temperatures above the melting point of the alkali metal, but at temperatures that are lower than about 250 °C.
An electrolyzer cell (100) is disclosed which includes a cathode (104) to reduce an oxygen-containing molecule, such as H20, C02, or a combination thereof, to produce an oxygen ion and a fuel molecule, such as H2, CO, or a combination thereof. An electrolyte (106) is coupled to the cathode (104) to transport the oxygen ion to an anode (102). The anode (102) is coupled to the electrolyte (106) to receive the oxygen ion and produce oxygen gas therewith. In one embodiment, the anode (102) may be fabricated to include an electron-conducting phase having a perovskite crystalline structure or structure similar thereto. This perovskite may have a chemical formula of substantially (Pr(1-X)Lax)(z-y)A'yBO(3δ), wherein 0 < x < 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5, and 0.8 ≤ z ≤ 1.1. In another embodiment, the cathode includes an electron-conducting phase that contains nickel oxide intermixed with magnesium oxide.
The present invention provides a molten sodium secondary cell (10). In some cases, the secondary cell (10) includes a sodium metal negative electrode (20), a positive electrode compartment (25) that includes a positive electrode (30) disposed in a liquid positive electrode solution (35), and a sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane (40) that separates the negative electrode (20) from the positive electrode solution (35). In such cases, the electrolyte membrane (40) can comprise any suitable material, including, without limitation, a NaSICON-type membrane. Furthermore, in such cases, the liquid positive electrode solution (35) can comprise any suitable positive electrode solution, including, but not limited to, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Generally, when the cell (10) functions, the sodium negative electrode (20) is molten and in contact with the electrolyte membrane (40). Additionally, the cell (10) is functional at an operating temperature between about 100°C and about 170°C. Indeed, in some instances, the molten sodium secondary cell (10) is functional between about 110°C and about 130°C.
H01B 1/06 - Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materialsSelection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
59.
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR RECOVERY OR EXTRACTION OF LITHIUM
A method for recovering and extracting lithium from a feed liquid (110) that may have a mixture of lithium and non-lithium salts present in the feed liquid. Salts of varying solubility are precipitated (120) out of the feed liquid (110) using water evaporation (140) or other techniques. Pure lithium hydroxide (190) is obtained using electrolysis or electro-dialysis processes (180) in combination with a lithium ion selective inorganic membrane such as LiSICON. The negative effect of sodium and potassium on the lithium ion selective inorganic membrane is reduced by reversing the polarity of the current placed across the membrane.
An electrochemical cell (50) having a cation-conductive ceramic membrane (56) and an acidic anolyte. Generally, the cell (50) includes an anolyte compartment (52) and a catholyte compartment (54) that are separated by a cation-conductive membrane (56). A diffusion barrier (64) is disposed in the anolyte compartment (52) between the membrane (56) and an anode (58). In some cases, a catholyte is channeled into a space between the barrier (64) and the membrane (56). In other cases, a chemical that maintains an acceptably high pH adjacent the membrane (56) is channeled between the barrier (64) and the membrane (56). In still other cases, some of the catholyte is channeled between the barrier (64) and the membrane (56) while another portion of the catholyte is channeled between the barrier (64) and the anode (58). In each case, the barrier (64) and the chemicals channeled between the barrier (64) and the membrane (56) help maintain the pH of the liquid contacting the anolyte side of the membrane (56) at an acceptably high level.
An electrochemical cell (50) having a cation-conductive ceramic membrane (56) and an acidic anolyte. Generally, the cell (50) includes a catholyte compartment (54) and an anolyte compartment (52) that are separated by a cation-conductive membrane (56). While the catholyte compartment (54) houses a primary cathode (60), the anolyte compartment (52) houses an anode (58) and a secondary cathode (62). In some cases, a current is passed through the electrodes to cause the secondary cathode (62) to evolve hydrogen gas. In other cases, hydrogen peroxide is channeled between the secondary cathode (62) and the membrane (56) to form hydroxyl ions. In yet other cases, the cell (50) includes a diffusion membrane disposed between the secondary cathode (62) and the anode (58). In each of the aforementioned cases, the cell functions to maintain the pH of a fluid contacting the membrane (56) at an acceptably high level.
A battery cell (8) is described that has an anode (11) made of an alkali metal or alkali metal alloy, an alkali metal conductive membrane (10), and a cathode compartment (13) that houses a hydrogen evolving cathode (14) and a catholyte (2). The catholyte (2) has dissolved salt comprising cations of the alkali metal. The battery (8) also includes a zone (16) where hydrogen may vent from the catholyte (2) and a zone (21) where water may transport into the catholyte (2). The zone where water may transport into the catholyte (2) restricts the transport of ions. The battery (8) may be operated (1) in freshwater where there is low ion-conductivity and (2) in seawater where there is a quantity of cations (such as sodium ions) that are incompatible with the alkali metal conductive membrane (10). The battery (8) is designed such that the alkali metal conductive membrane is protected from cations that operate to foul the alkali metal conductive membrane (10).
A method for producing and recovering a carboxylic acid in an electrolysis cell (104). The electrolysis cell (104) is a multi-compartment electrolysis cell (104). The multi-compartment electrolysis cell (104) includes an anodic compartment (206), a cathodic compartment (204), and a solid alkali ion transporting membrane (220) (such as a NaSICON membrane). An anolyte (230) is added to the anodic compartment (206). The anolyte (230) comprises an alkali salt of a carboxylic acid (112), a first solvent (234), and a second solvent (232). The alkali salt of the carboxylic acid (112) is partitioned into the first solvent (234). The anolyte (230) is then electrolyzed to produce a carboxylic acid (112), wherein the produced carboxylic acid (112) is partitioned into the second solvent (232). The second solvent (232) may then be separated from the first solvent (234) and the produced carboxylic acid (112) may be recovered from the second solvent (232). The first solvent (234) may be water and the second solvent (232) may be an organic solvent.
The present invention provides a ceramic to ceramic joint and methods for making such a joint. Generally, the joint includes a first (15) ceramic part and a second (20) ceramic part, wherein the first (15) and second (20) ceramic parts each include a ceramic-carbide or a ceramic-nitride material. In some cases, an aluminum-initiated joint region joins the first (15) and second (20) ceramic parts. This joint region typically includes chemical species from the first (15) and second (20) ceramic parts that have diffused into the joint region. Additionally, the first (15) and second (20) ceramic parts each typically include a joint diffusion zone that is disposed adjacent to the joint region and which includes aluminum species from the joint region that have diffused into the joint diffusion zone. Other implementations are also described.
C04B 37/00 - Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
C04B 35/565 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbides based on silicon carbide
C04B 35/56 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on carbides
C04B 35/58 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxides based on borides, nitrides or silicides
65.
ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF ARYL-ALKYL SURFACTANT PRECURSOR
An aryl-alkyl (R-Ar) hydrocarbon is prepared by an electrosynthesis process in an electrolytic cell (100) having an alkali ion conductive membrane (110) positioned between an anolyte compartment (112) configured with an anode (116) and a catholyte compartment (114) configured with a cathode (118). An anolyte solution (124) containing an alkali metal salt of an alkyl carboxylic acid (128) and an aryl compound (130) is introduced into the anolyte compartment (112). The aryl compound (130) may include an alkali metal salt of an aryl carboxylic acid, an arene (aromatic) hydrocarbon, or an aryl alkali metal adduct (Ar- M+). The anolyte solution (124) undergoes electrolytic decarboxylation to form an alkyl radical. The alkyl radical reacts with the aryl compound to produce the aryl-alkyl hydrocarbon.
Alkali bicarbonate is synthesized in an electrolytic cell (100) from alkali carbonate. The electrolytic cell (100) includes an alkali ion conductive membrane (110) positioned between an anolyte compartment (112) configured with an anode (116) and a catholyte compartment (114) configured with a cathode (118). The alkali conductive membrane (110) selectively transports alkali ions (120) and prevents the transport of anions produced in the catholyte compartment. An aqueous alkali carbonate solution is introduced into the anolyte compartment (112) and electrolyzed at the anode (116) to produce carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen ions which react with alkali carbonate to produce alkali bicarbonate. The alkali bicarbonate is recovered by filtration or other separation techniques. When the catholyte solution includes water, pure alkali hydroxide is produced. When the catholyte solution includes methanol, pure alkali methoxide is produced.
The present invention provides a solid-state sodium-based secondary cell (or rechargeable battery) (10). The secondary cell (10) comprises a solid sodium metal negative electrode (20) that is disposed in a non-aqueous negative electrolyte solution (25) that includes an ionic liquid. Additionally, the cell (10) comprises a positive electrode (35) that is disposed in a positive electrolyte solution (40). A sodium ion conductive electrolyte membrane (45) separates the negative electrolyte solution (25) from the positive electrolyte solution (40). The cell may operate at room temperature. Additionally, where the negative electrolyte solution (25) contains the ionic liquid, the ionic liquid may impede dendrite formation on the surface of the negative electrode (20) as the cell (10) is recharged and sodium ions are reduced onto the negative electrode (20).
A method of upgrading an oil feedstock (102) by removing heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals from the oil feedstock (102) composition. This method reacts the oil feedstock (102) with an alkali metal (108) and an upgradant hydrocarbon (106). The alkali metal reacts with a portion of the heteroatoms and/or one or more heavy metals to form an inorganic phase separable from the organic oil feedstock material. The upgradant hydrocarbon bonds to the oil feedstock (102) material and increases the number of carbon atoms in the product. This increase in the number of carbon atoms of the product increases the energy value of the resulting oil feedstock (116).
C10G 29/04 - Metals, or metals deposited on a carrier
C10L 1/04 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
C07C 1/32 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from compounds containing hetero atoms other than, or in addition to, oxygen or halogen
An animal litter composition that includes geopolymerized ash particulates having a network of repeating aluminum-silicon units is described herein. Generally, the animal litter is made from a quantity of a pozzolanic ash mixed with a sufficient quantity of water and an alkaline activator to initiate a geopolymerization reaction that forms geopolymerized ash. After the geopolymerized ash is formed, it is dried, broken into particulates, and sieved to a desired size. These geopolymerized ash particulates are used to make a non-clumping or clumping animal litter. Odor control is accomplished with the addition of a urease inhibitor, pH buffer, an odor eliminating agent, and/or fragrance
A sodium sensor to measure a concentration of sodium methylate in methanol. The sensor assembly includes a solid alkali ion conducting membrane (102), a reference electrode (110), and a measurement electrode (108). The solid alkali ion conducting membrane (102) transports ions between two alkali-containing solutions, including an aqueous solution (106) and a non-aqueous solution (104). The reference electrode (110) is at least partially within an alkali halide solution of a known alkali concentration on a first side of the solid alkali ion conducting membrane (102). The measurement electrode (108) is on a second side of the solid alkali ion conducting membrane (102). The measurement electrode (108) exhibits a measurable electrical characteristic corresponding to a measured alkali concentration within the non-aqueous solution (104), to which the measurement electrode (108) is exposed.
G01N 27/31 - Half-cells with permeable membranes, e.g. semi-porous or perm-selective membranes
G01N 27/49 - Systems involving the determination of the current at a single specific value, or small range of values, of applied voltage for producing selective measurement of one or more particular ionic species
71.
DECARBOXYLATION CELL FOR PRODUCTION OF COUPLED RADICAL PRODUCTS
A method that produces coupled radical products. An alkali metal salt is used in an anolyte as part of an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell may include an alkali ion conducting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). When the cell is operated, the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid decarboxylates and forms radicals. Such radicals are then bonded to other radicals, thereby producing a coupled radical product such as a hydrocarbon.
C10K 3/00 - Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
C25B 3/06 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by halogenation
72.
METHOD OF PRODUCING COUPLED RADICAL PRODUCTS FROM BIOMASS
A method that produces coupled radical products from biomass. The method involves obtaining a lipid or carboxylic acid material from the biomass. This lipid material or carboxylic acid material is converted into an alkali metal salt. The alkali metal salt is then used in an anolyte as part of an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell may include an alkali ion conducting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). When the cell is operated, the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid decarboxylates and forms radicals. Such radicals are then bonded to other radicals, thereby producing a coupled radical product such as a hydrocarbon.
C25B 3/10 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by coupling reactions, e.g. dimerisation
C07C 1/207 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms from carbonyl compounds
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
73.
DECARBOXYLATION CELL FOR PRODUCTION OF COUPLED RADICAL PRODUCTS
An electrolytic cell produces coupled radical products. The method involves obtaining a carboxylic acid material from biomass and converting it into an alkali metal salt. The alkali metal salt is then used in an anolyte as part of an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell may include an alkali ion conducting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). When the cell is operated, the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid decarboxylates and forms radicals. Such radicals are then bonded to other radicals, thereby producing a coupled radical product such as a hydrocarbon. The produced hydrocarbon may be, for example, saturated, unsaturated, branched, or unbranched, depending upon the starting material.
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
C25B 3/10 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by coupling reactions, e.g. dimerisation
C07C 1/207 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms from carbonyl compounds
74.
DIALKYL AND DIARYL ETHER PRODUCTION FROM METAL ALCOHOLATE
A dialkyl or diaryl ether is produced by reacting carbon dioxide with a metal alcoholate having the formula, M(RO)x, where "M" is a Group 1, Group 2, or Group 3 metal; "x" is the valence of the metal M; "R" is a C1 to C6 lower alkyl or aryl, wherein the reaction produces a dialkyl or diaryl ether having a formula, R-O-R, and a metal carbonate having a formula M2CO3 where M is a Group 1 metal, MCO3 where M is a Group 2 metal, and M2(CO3)3 where M is a Group 3 metal. The metal carbonate may be removed by conventional means, such as filtration. The dialkyl or diaryl ether may be recovered and used as a fuel, fuel additive, propellant, or building block for other fuels or petrochemicals.
Systems and methods for using carbon dioxide to remove an alkali catalyst and to recover free carboxylic acids after a transesterification reaction are disclosed. Generally, the methods include first providing a mixture resulting from the transesterification of an ester, wherein the mixture includes substances selected from the alkali catalyst, an alcohol, and a transesterification reaction product such as biodiesel. Second, the methods generally include adding carbon dioxide to the mixture. In some cases, adding the carbon dioxide to the mixture causes the alkali catalyst to convert into an alkali carbonate and/or an alkali bicarbonate. In other cases, adding the carbon dioxide to the mixture causes the carboxylic acid alkali salt to convert into a free carboxylic acid. In either case, the alkali carbonate, the alkali bicarbonate, and/or the free carboxylic acid can be separated from the mixture in any suitable manner.
C07C 67/60 - SeparationPurificationStabilisationUse of additives by treatment giving rise to chemical modification
C07C 67/03 - Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
C07C 29/147 - Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen-containing functional group of C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
C07C 31/22 - Trihydroxylic alcohols, e.g. glycerol
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
A high-temperature, steam-selective membrane (100) for adding steam to or removing steam from various types of chemical reactions is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, such a membrane includes a polymer layer (102) exhibiting high selectivity to the transport of steam relative to other gas species. The polymer layer (102) is sandwiched between substantially rigid porous layers (104a and104b) that are steam permeable. The rigid porous layers substantially (104a and 104b) immobilize the polymer layer (102) and reduce the tendency of the polymer layer (102) to shrink and/or expand in response to changes in temperature or humidity. The rigid porous layers (104a and 104b) may also retain water to keep the polymer layer (102) moist. The physical support and moisture retention provided by the rigid porous layers (104a and 104b) enable the polymer layer (102) to operate in a temperature range of about 100°C to 500°C.
B01D 71/00 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the materialManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
Metal ion conducting ceramic materials are disclosed having characteristics of high ion conductivity for certain alkali and monovalent metal ions at low temperatures, high selectivity for the metal ions, good current efficiency and stability in water and corrosive media under static and electrochemical conditions. The metal ion conducting ceramic materials are fabricated to be deficient in the metal ion. One general formulation of the metal ion conducting ceramic materials is Me1+x+y-zMIIIyMIV2-ySixP3-xO12-z/2, wherein Me is Na+, Li+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Ag+, or mixtures thereof, 2.0 ≤ x ≤ 2.4, 0.0 ≤ y ≤ 1.0, and 0.05 ≤ z ≤ 0.9, where MIII is Al3+, Ga3+, Cr3+, Sc3+, Fe3+, In3+, Yb3+, Y3+, or mixtures thereof and MIV is Ti4+, Zr4+, Hf4+, or mixtures thereof.
C04B 35/01 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxides
B01D 17/06 - Separation of liquids from each other by electricity
C04B 35/14 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxides based on silica
C04B 35/447 - Shaped ceramic products characterised by their compositionCeramic compositionsProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxides based on phosphates
A hemostatic material (100), production method, delivery method, and apparatus are disclosed. The hemostatic material (100) includes a peptide (106a) that preferentially selects exposed endothelial cells for bonding. The peptide (106a) is conjugated with a hemostatic agent (e.g., chitosan) (108a) to produce a peptide conjugated hemostatic agent (110a). The peptide conjugated hemostatic agent (110a) is suspended in a flowable delivery medium (116) that delivers the material to the endothelial cells to stop or reduce bleeding. An apparatus for delivering the hemostatic material (100) includes a conformable covering for sealing off and maintaining an internal pressure in an injury cavity, a delivery port for delivering hemostatic material (100) into the cavity, and a check valve that opens when a predetermined pressure is reached. Methods for producing the hemostatic material (100) and using the apparatus are also disclosed herein.
Novel bismuth based mixed metal oxide materials with pyrochlore structure are disclosed as anodes for electrolytic generation of ozone and perchlorate salts. These materials have high electrical conductivity and excellent stability in acidic electrolytes. These materials are more environmentally friendly than lead dioxide and less expensive than platinum.
A sodium-sulfur battery (100) is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including an anode (102) containing sodium and a cathode (104) comprising elemental sulfur. The cathode (104) may include at least one solvent selected to at least partially dissolve the elemental sulfur and Na2Sx. A substantially non-porous sodium-ion-conductive membrane (106) is provided between the anode (102) and the cathode (104) to keep sulfur or other reactive species from migrating therebetween. In certain embodiments, the sodium-sulfur battery (100) may include a separator between the anode (102) and the non-porous sodium-ion-conductive membrane (106). This separator may prevent the sodium in the anode (102) from reacting with the non-porous sodium-ion-conductive membrane (106). In certain embodiments, the separator is a porous separator infiltrated with a sodium-ion-conductive electrolyte.
An electrochemical cell (100) in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes a first electrode (102a) containing a first phase intermixed with a second phase and a network of interconnected pores. The first phase contains a ceramic material and the second phase contains an electrically conductive material providing an electrically contiguous path through the first electrode (102a). The electrochemical cell (100) further includes a second electrode (102b) containing an alkali metal. A substantially non-porous alkali-metal-ion-selective ceramic membrane (104), such as a dense Nasicon, Lisicon, Li β"-alumina, or Na β"-alumina membrane, is interposed between the first (102a) and second (102b) electrodes.
C25B 11/04 - ElectrodesManufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
H01B 1/02 - Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materialsSelection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
H01B 1/06 - Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materialsSelection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
A scaffold (10) holding one or more ion-conductive ceramic membranes (25) for use in an electrochemical cell is described. Generally, the scaffold (10) includes a thermoplastic plate (20) defining one or more orifices (15). Each orifice (15) is typically defined by a first, second, and third aperture, wherein the second aperture is disposed between the first and third apertures. The diameter of the second aperture can be larger than the diameters of the first and third apertures. While at an operating temperature the diameter of the ceramic membrane (25) is larger than the diameters of the first and third apertures, heating the scaffold (10) to a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time causes the third aperture's diameter to become larger than the membrane's diameter. Thus, heating the scaffold (10) may allow the membrane to be inserted into the orifice (15). Cooling the scaffold (10) can then cause the third aperture's diameter to shrink and trap the membrane (25) within the orifice (10).
B01D 69/00 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
B01D 67/00 - Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
A mixed potential sensor device and methods for measuring total ammonia (NH3) concentration in a gas is provided. The gas (12) is first partitioned into two streams (30a and 30b) directed into two sensing chambers. Each gas stream is conditioned by a specific catalyst system. In one chamber (50), in some instances at a temperature of at least about 600°C, the gas is treated such that almost all of the ammonia is converted to NOx, and a steady state equilibrium concentration of NO to NO2 is established. In the second chamber (40), the gas is treated with a catalyst at a lower temperature, preferably less than 450°C such that most of the ammonia is converted to nitrogen (N2) and steam (H2O). Each gas is passed over a sensing electrode in a mixed potential sensor system that is sensitive to NOx. The difference in the readings of the two gas sensors can provide a measurement of total NH3 concentration in the exhaust gas. The catalyst system also functions to oxidize any unburned hydrocarbons such as CH4, CO, etc., in the gas, and to remove partial contaminants such as SO2.
F01N 3/18 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl
F01N 11/00 - Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus
B01D 53/94 - Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
F01N 3/08 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
A process for treating fly ash to render it highly usable as a concrete additive. A quantity of fly ash is obtained that contains carbon and which is considered unusable fly ash for concrete based upon foam index testing. The fly ash is mixed with a quantity of spray dryer ash (SDA) and water to initiate a geopolymerization reaction and form a geopolymerized fly ash. The geopolymerized fly ash is granulated. The geopolymerized fly ash is considered usable fly ash for concrete according to foam index testing. The geopolymerized fly ash may have a foam index less than 40%, and in some cases less than 20%, of the foam index of the untreated fly ash. An optional alkaline activator may be mixed with the fly ash and SDA to facilitate the geopolymerization reaction. The alkaline activator may contain an alkali metal hydroxide, carbonate, silicate, aluminate, or mixtures thereof.
A stand-alone apparatus to deliver a sterile, filled syringe to a user. The syringe dispenser (100) includes a controller to accept input from the user and to convert the input into an electrical control signal. The syringe dispenser (100) also includes an ozone generator (120) coupled to the controller. The ozone generator (120) generates ozone on demand according to the input from the user. The user may input a parameter for a concentration and/or a volume of ozone. Additionally, the syringe dispenser (100) includes a syringe preparation station (130) coupled to the ozone generator (120). The syringe preparation station (130) sterilizes the syringe (110) with a first amount of the ozone and fills the syringe (110) with a second amount of the ozone.
A cell (450) having an anode compartment (403) and a cathode compartment (402) is used to electrolyze an alkali metal polysulfide into an alkali metal. The cell (450) includes an anode (404), wherein at least part of the anode (404) is housed in the anode compartment (403). The cell (450) also includes a quantity of anolyte (471) housed within the anode compartment (403), the anolyte comprising an alkali metal polysulfide and a solvent. The cell (450) includes a cathode (405), wherein at least part of the cathode (405) is housed in the cathode compartment (402). A quantity of catholyte (491) is housed within the cathode compartment (402). The cell (450) operates at a temperature below the melting temperature of the alkali metal.
A process for making a pervious concrete comprising a geopolymerized pozzolanic ash. Generally, the process includes mixing (112) a solid aggregate and a geopolymerized pozzolanic ash binder together to form a pervious concrete mixture. Some examples of suitable aggregates comprise recycled carpet, recycled cement, and aggregates of coal-combustion byproducts. The geopolymerized pozzolanic ash binder is made by combining a pozzolanic ash, such as fly ash, with a sufficient amount of an alkaline activator and water to initiate a geopolymerization reaction. The activator solution may contain an alkali metal hydroxide, carbonate, silicate, aluminate, or mixtures thereof. In some aspects, the final concrete forms a solid mass in the form of pavement or a pre-cast concrete shape. The solid mass of concrete may have a void content of between about 5% and about 35%.
C04B 28/24 - Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing alkyl ammonium or alkali metal silicatesCompositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing silica sols
A galvanic cell (10) is disclosed. Generally, the cell includes an alkali metal anode (12), which electrochemcially oxidizes to release alkali metal ions, and a cathode (14), which is configured to be exposed to an electrolyte solution. A water-impermeable, alkali-ion-conductive ceramic membrane (20) separates the anode (12) from the cathode (14). Moreover, an alkali-ion-permeable anode current collector (16) is placed in electrical communication with the anode (12). In some cases, to keep the anode (12) in contact with the current collector (16) as the cell (10) functions and as the anode (12) is depleted, the cell (10) includes a biasing member (22) that urges the anode (12) against the current collector (16). To produce electricity, the galvanic cell (10) is exposed to an aqueous electrolyte solution, such as seawater, brine, saltwater, etc.
An electrochemical method for the production of a chlorine-based oxidant product, such as sodium hypochlorite, is disclosed. The method may potentially be used to produce sodium hypochlorite from sea water or low purity un-softened or NaCl-based salt solutions. The method utilizes alkali cation-conductive ceramic membranes, such as membranes based on NaSICON-type materials, and organic polymer membranes in electrochemical cells to produce sodium hypochlorite. Generally, the electrochemical cell includes three compartments and the first compartment contains an anolyte having an acidic pH.
An electrochemical method for the production of a chlorine-based oxidant product, such as sodium hypochlorite, is disclosed. The method may potentially be used to produce sodium hypochlorite from sea water or low purity un-softened or NaCl-based salt solutions. The method utilizes alkali cation-conductive ceramic membranes, such as membranes based on NaSICON-type materials, and organic polymer membranes in electrochemical cells to produce sodium hypochlorite. Generally, the electrochemical cell includes three compartments and the first compartment contains an anolyte having a basic pH.
A reformer (302) is disclosed that includes a plasma zone (402) to receive a pre-heated mixture of reactants (310) and ionize the reactants by applying an electrical potential thereto. A first thermally conductive surface surrounds the plasma zone and is configured to transfer heat (306) from an external heat source into the plasma zone (402). The reformer (302) further includes a reaction zone (404) to chemically transform the ionized reactants into synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A second thermally conductive surface surrounds the reaction zone (404) and is configured to transfer heat (306) from the external heat source into the reaction zone (404). The first thermally conductive surface and second thermally conductive surface are both directly exposed to the external heat source. A corresponding method and system are also disclosed and claimed herein.
An apparatus in accordance with the present invention may include an orthopedic implant (100) having one or more voids (110) integrated into a surface thereof. A beneficial agent may be deposited into each void, (110) and a regulator element (200) may substantially cover an open end (132) of thereof. In this manner, the regulator element (200) may regulate delivery of the beneficial agent through the open end (132) of the voids (110) over a period of time.
A method and apparatus for dehydrating, electro-oxidizing, or electro- reducing a target tissue is described. The apparatus utilizes an electrochemical probe (512) or other device to deliver one or more beneficial agents into the target tissue. Water from the target tissue provides a precursor that may be split by electrolysis to generate the beneficial agent. Alternatively, water is provided from an external source to generate the beneficial agent. The beneficial agent facilitates in situ oxidation and/or reduction of a material within the tissue. One type of beneficial agent is ozone.
A method and apparatus for dehydrating, electro-oxidizing, or electro- reducing a target tissue is described. The apparatus utilizes an electrochemical probe (512) or other device to deliver one or more beneficial agents into the target tissue. Water from the target tissue provides a precursor that may be split by electrolysis to generate the beneficial agent. Alternatively, water is provided from an external source to generate the beneficial agent. The beneficial agent facilitates in situ oxidation and/or reduction of a material within the tissue. One type of beneficial agent is ozone.
A selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system (10) includes an on-board ammonia generation system (21) that produces nitrogen from air and hydrogen from a source of a hydrogen-containing compound, and generates an ammonia product from the nitrogen and hydrogen to provide the ammonia product into an exhaust from a NOx generator (15) to reduce the NOx in the exhaust. Oxygen from one or both of the nitrogen generator (24) and the hydrogen generation cell (27) can be supplied to the NOx generator (15) for cleaner combustion or to a particulate filter (18) for cleaning the filter. H2O from the NOx generator (15) can at least partially provide a water source for the hydrogen generation cell (27).
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
A zinc anode storage battery (50) comprising a first electrode (54) containing zinc or a zinc alloy, a second electrode (52) containing an oxidizing material capable of electrochemical reduction by zinc, an alkaline electrolyte, and a substantially non-porous, alkali-ion conducting separator (56) provided between the first electrode (54) and the second electrode (52). The alkali conducting separator (56) may be a solid alkali metal ion super ion conducting material, wherein the alkali metal is Na, K, or Li.
Alkali alcoholates are produced from alkali metal salt solutions and alcohol using a three-compartment electrolyte cell (I0) that includes an anolyte compartment (22) configured with an anode (26), a buffer compartment (24), and a catholyte compartment (20) configured with a cathode (28) First and second separators (14 and 16), permeable to alkali ions, are positioned between the anolyte compartment (22) and the catholyte compartment (20) to define a buffer compartment (24) They may be fabπcated of the same or different matenals including, but not limited to, an alkali ion conducting solid electrolyte configured to selectively transport alkali ions, a porous ceramic, or a porous polymer separator mateπal The catholyte solution may include an alkali alcoholate and alcohol The anolyte solution may include at least one alkali salt The buffer compartment solution may include a soluble alkali salt and an alkali alcoholate in alcohol.
A nickel-metal hydride storage battery (50) comprising a positive electrode (52) containing nickel hydroxide, a negative electrode (54) containing a hydrogen absorbing alloy, an alkaline electrolyte, and an alkali conducting separator (56) provided between the positive electrode (52) and the negative electrode (54). The alkali conducting separator (56) may be a solid alkali metal ion super ion conducting material, wherein the alkali metal is Na, K, or Li.
Alkali metals and sulfur may be recovered from alkali polysulfides in an electrolytic process that utilizes an electrolytic cell (200) having an alkali ion conductive membrane. An anolyte solution includes an alkali polysulfide and a solvent that dissolves elemental sulfur. A catholyte solution includes alkali metal ions and a catholyte solvent. Applying an electric current oxidizes sulfur in the anolyte compartment (206), causes alkali metal ions (210) to pass through the alkali ion conductive membrane to the catholyte compartment (204), and reduces the alkali metal ions (210)in the catholyte compartment (204). Sulfur is recovered by removing and cooling a portion of the anolyte solution to precipitate solid phase sulfur. Operating the cell at low temperature causes elemental alkali metal (222) to plate onto the cathode (220). The cathode (220) may be removed to recover the alkali metal (222) in batch mode or configured as a flexible band to continuously loop outside the catholyte compartment (204) to remove the alkali metal (222).
An alkali-metal-ion battery (100) is disclosed in one embodiment of the invention as including an anode (102) containing an alkali metal, a cathode (104), and an electrolyte separator (106) for conducting alkali metal ions between the anode (102) and the cathode (104). In selected embodiments, the electrolyte separator (106) includes a first phase comprising poly(alkylene oxide) and an alkali-metal salt in a molar ratio of less than 10:1. The electrolyte separator (106) may further include a second phase comprising ionically conductive particles that are conductive to the alkali metal ions. These ionically conductive particles may include ionically conductive ceramic particles, glass particles, glass-ceramic particles, or mixtures thereof.
patents
