The invention relates to a method of producing a crystal from a material with the general composition of CexGdyY1−x−yAlO3 known to the professional public for scintillation crystal detectors, which has not yet been industrially produced by the Czochralski method. The invented method makes it possible to produce crystals with a diameter larger than units of mm. In particular, the invention adds to the initial Czochralski method the steps of annealing the input raw materials as well as the controlled flow of a reducing hydrogen-argon atmosphere through a crystal growth furnace.
C30B 15/04 - Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt adding doping materials, e.g. for n–p-junction
C01F 17/34 - Aluminates, e.g. YAlO3 or Y3-xGdxAl5O12
A light source using a light-converting material, in particular for the conversion of collimated or focused light, which does not operate solely on the principle of geometric concentration as known from the prior art, but which reflects light away from the interface between the surface of the conversion body (1) and the surroundings due to the high refractive index of the conversion body (1), possibly by means of an applied reflective layer. The light source uses the high refractive index and high transmittance of the phosphor material as the properties necessary to direct the light in the desired direction directly by the conversion body (1) itself. The light source emits collimated or focused intense secondary light, or a homogenised mix of primary and secondary light, or it may transmit supplementary light.
F21V 9/32 - Elements containing photoluminescent material distinct from or spaced from the light source characterised by the arrangement of the photoluminescent material
F21V 29/70 - Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
F21V 29/502 - Cooling arrangements characterised by the adaptation for cooling of specific components
A calorimetric detector (1) for measuring energy of electrons and photons comprises a light energy absorber and scintillating fibers (2). The absorber is formed of a tungsten matrix (3), comprising a first assembly (4) and a second assembly (5) of parallel tungsten plates. The first assembly (4) is perpendicular to the second assembly (5) forming a grid, while each plate is in one half formed by alternating teeth (6) and gaps (7). The first assembly's (4) plates fit detachably with their teeth (6) into the gaps (7) of the second assembly (5) and vice versa. Spaces between the plates of the first assembly (4) and the second assembly (5) form longitudinal sections (8) with inner cross-section size of one pixel. The scintillating fibers (2) are longitudinally arranged, made of a single crystal material. The tungsten matrix (3) is in a protective metal frame (9) having tungsten inner walls (10).
A light source using a light-converting material, in particular for the conversion of collimated or focused light, which does not operate solely on the principle of geometric concentration as known from the prior art, but which reflects light away from the interface between the surface of the conversion body (1) and the surroundings due to the high refractive index of the conversion body (1), possibly by means of an applied reflective layer. The light source uses the high refractive index and high transmittance of the phosphor material as the properties necessary to direct the light in the desired direction directly by the conversion body (1) itself. The light source emits collimated or focused intense secondary light, or a homogenised mix of primary and secondary light, or it may transmit supplementary light.
F21K 9/64 - Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using wavelength conversion means distinct or spaced from the light-generating element, e.g. a remote phosphor layer
F21K 9/69 - Details of refractors forming part of the light source
F21V 5/10 - Refractors for light sources comprising photoluminescent material
The device for measuring the content of natural radioactive isotopes in a rock sample (1), especially in drill core. The device comprises at least one detection means for measuring the ionizing radiation emanating from the sample (1) and at least one means for positioning the sample (1). The device also comprises at least one shielding of the sample (1) and/or the detection means communicatively connected to at least one evaluation unit (2). The detection means consists of at least one ring-shaped assembly (3) composed of at least three ring- shaped segments arranged side by side so that the end ring-shaped segments (4) shield from the radiation background. At least one detection ring-shaped segment (5) is arranged between the end shielding ring-shaped segments (4), provided with at least one ionizing radiation detector (6). The means for positioning the sample (1) are adapted to move the sample (1) through the ring-shaped assembly (3).
A single crystal yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator has a minimum thickness of at least 5 mm and a transmittance of at least 50% at a wavelength of 370 nm. A method for fabricating the yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator includes acquiring a yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule, annealing the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule in an oxygen containing environment to obtain a partially annealed crystal, and annealing the partially annealed crystal in an inert environment or a reducing environment to obtain the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal scintillator.
G01V 5/04 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
G01V 5/10 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
E21B 49/00 - Testing the nature of borehole wallsFormation testingMethods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
7.
Method of shortening scintillation response of luminescense centres and material of scintillator with shortened scintillation response
Hou{hacek Over (z)}vi{hacek Over (c)}ka, Jind{hacek Over (r)}ich
Bla{hacek Over (z)}ek, Karel
Horodyský, Petr
Nikl, Martin
Bohá{hacek Over (c)}ek, Pavel
Abstract
2 ions group. Having had the luminescence centres electrons excited as a result of absorbed electromagnetic radiation, the scintillator created in this method is capable of taking away a part of the energy from the excited luminescence centres via a non-radiative energy transfer, which results in a significant shortening of the time of duration of the amplitude-dominant component of the scintillation response.
G21K 4/00 - Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of particles or ionising radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
8.
High transmittance single crystal YAP scintillators
A single crystal yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator has a minimum thickness of at least 5 mm and a transmittance of at least 50% at a wavelength of 370 nm. A method for fabricating the yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator includes acquiring a yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule, annealing the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule in an oxygen containing environment to obtain a partially annealed crystal, and annealing the partially annealed crystal in an inert environment or a reducing environment to obtain the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal scintillator.
G01V 5/04 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging
G01V 5/10 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
C30B 15/00 - Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
E21B 49/00 - Testing the nature of borehole wallsFormation testingMethods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
wherein the extraction structure (4, 6) is constructed and configured such that radiation at an output (19) of the body (2) is directionally modified, especially in terms of energy or intensity or of directional distribution or of both, as compared with radiation at the output of the body (2) in the absence of said extraction structure (4, 6), by interaction of radiation entering and/or propagating within and/or exiting the body (2) with the said extraction structure (4, 6), e.g. such as to reduce or ameliorate the deleterious effects of TIR within the body (2).
F21K 9/64 - Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using wavelength conversion means distinct or spaced from the light-generating element, e.g. a remote phosphor layer
G01T 1/202 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
10.
Scintillation detector for detection of ionising radiation
F21V 13/12 - Combinations of only three kinds of elements
F21K 9/64 - Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using wavelength conversion means distinct or spaced from the light-generating element, e.g. a remote phosphor layer
F21V 8/00 - Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems
F21V 9/08 - Elements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters for producing coloured light, e.g. monochromaticElements for modifying spectral properties, polarisation or intensity of the light emitted, e.g. filters for reducing intensity of light
F21V 15/01 - Housings, e.g. material or assembling of housing parts
F21K 9/61 - Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using light guides
A single crystal yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator has a minimum thickness of at least 5 mm and a transmittance of at least 50% at a wavelength of 370 nm. A method for fabricating the yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator includes acquiring a yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule, annealing the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule in an oxygen containing environment to obtain a partially annealed crystal, and annealing the partially annealed crystal in an inert environment or a reducing environment to obtain the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal scintillator.
G01T 1/202 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
G01V 5/10 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
C30B 15/00 - Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
C30B 29/24 - Complex oxides with formula AMeO3, wherein A is a rare earth metal and Me is Fe, Ga, Sc, Cr, Co, or Al, e.g. ortho ferrites
E21B 49/00 - Testing the nature of borehole wallsFormation testingMethods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
13.
MANNER OF SHORTENING SCINTILLATION RESPONSE OF LUMINESCENCE CENTRES AND MATERIAL OF SCINTILLATOR WITH SHORTENED SCINTILLATION RESPONSE
Problem to be solved: Currently, the known manner of shortening the scintillation response of scintillation material is to suppress the amplitude-minor slower components (2) of the scintillation response, whereas the possibilities of significant shortening of the amplitude- dominant component of the scintillation response in this manner are limited. Solution: The invention concerns the manner of shortening the scintillation response of scintillator luminescence centres which uses co-doping with Ce or Pr together with co-doping with ions from the lanthanoids, 3d transition metals, 4d transition metals or 5s2 or 6s2 ions group. Having had the luminescence centres electrons excited as a result of absorbed electromagnetic radiation, the scintillator created in this manner is capable of taking away a part of the energy from the excited luminescence centres via a non-radiative energy transfer, which results in a significant shortening of the time of duration of the amplitude-dominant component (1) of the scintillation response.
An optical element (1) comprises: a body (2) of radiation converting monocrystalline material, e.g. of a luminescent or scintillator material, and an extraction structure (4, 6) applied to at least one output and/or input surface of the body (2) of radiation converting monocrystalline material; wherein the extraction structure (4, 6) is constructed and configured such that radiation at an output (19) of the body (2) of radiation converting monocrystalline material is directionally modified, as compared with radiation at the output of the body (2) of radiation converting monocrystalline material in the absence of said extraction structure (4, 6), by interaction of radiation entering and/or propagating within and/or exiting the body (2) of radiation converting monocrystalline material with the said extraction structure (4, 6), e.g. by: i) modifying the energy or intensity of the radiation at the output (19) of the body (2) via interaction(s) of radiation entering and/or propagating within and/or exiting the body (2) with the said surface, and/or ii) modifying the directional distribution of radiation exiting and/or entering and/or propagating within the body (2) via the said surface, e.g. such as to reduce or ameliorate the deleterious effects of TIR within the body (2).
The scintillation detector for the detection of ionising radiation, especially electron, X-ray or particle radiation, including a monocrystalline substrate (1), minimally one buffer layer (2), minimally one nitride semiconductor layer (3, 4, 5, 6) applied onto the substrate (1) with epitaxy which is described by the AlyInxGa1-x-yN general formula where 0 ≤ x ≤1, 0 ≤ y ≤1 and 0 ≤ x+y ≤1 is valid, where minimally two nitride semiconductor layers (3, 4) are arranged in a layered heterostructure, whose structure contains minimally one potential well for radiant recombinations of electrons and holes. In the structure there is arranged minimally one active couple of nitride semiconductor layers (3, 4) of principally the same polarisation consisting of the barrier layer (4) of the AlybInxbGa1-xb-ybN type and from layer (5) of the AlywInxwGa1-xw-ywN type representing a potential well where xb ≤ xw and yb ≤ yw is valid, or there is minimally one carrier attracting layer (7) of the AlydInxdGa1-xd-ydN type with the thickness (t3) less than 2 nm in which yd ≤ yw and xd ≥ xw+0,3 inserted in minimally one active couple of nitride semiconductor layers (4, 5) to decrease the luminescence decay time.
ČESKE VYSOKÉ UČENĺ TECHNICKÉ V PRAZE (Czech Republic)
Inventor
Jakůbek, Jan
Jakůbek, Martin
Abstract
The invention relates to a method of coincidence imaging using secondary electrons (1). Part of the invention is also a device (9) for executing this method. During the passage of primary radiation (5) through a conductive planar electrode (2), secondary electrons (1) are emitted. The impact of the secondary electrons (1) onto the detector (4) is recorded. To avoid the results of the detection from being distorted by random secondary electrons (1), e.g. from thermal emission, only the coincidence groups of secondary electrons (1) that carry sufficient energy (E) to overcome the detection threshold (6) are registered.
C30B 29/28 - Complex oxides with formula A3Me5O12, wherein A is a rare earth metal and Me is Fe, Ga, Sc, Cr, Co or Al, e.g. garnets
H05B 33/14 - Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material
H01L 27/15 - Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, specially adapted for light emission
H01L 33/00 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details thereof
H01L 33/32 - Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of group III and group V of the periodic system containing nitrogen
H01L 33/44 - SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS - Details thereof characterised by the coatings, e.g. passivation layer or anti-reflective coating
The light source (1) is based on a high-efficiency solid-state laser source (2) of the excitation coherent radiation (3) and a single crystal phosphor (4) which is machined in a form of an optic element for emitted light parameterisation. The single crystal phosphor (4) is produced from a single crystal material on the basis of garnets of the (Ax, Lu1-x)aAlbO12:Cec general formula or from a single crystal material on the basis of perovskite structure of the B1-qAIO3:Dq general formula. The efficient light source (1) shall be utilized e.g. in the automotive industry.
A single crystal yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator has a minimum thickness of at least 5 mm and a transmittance of at least 50% at a wavelength of 370 nm. A method for fabricating the yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator includes acquiring a yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule, annealing the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule in an oxygen containing environment to obtain a partially annealed crystal, and annealing the partially annealed crystal in an inert environment or a reducing environment to obtain the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal scintillator.
G01V 5/10 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
A single crystal yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator has a minimum thickness of at least 5 mm and a transmittance of at least 50% at a wavelength of 370 nm. A method for fabricating the yttrium aluminum perovskite scintillator includes acquiring a yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule, annealing the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal boule in an oxygen containing environment to obtain a partially annealed crystal, and annealing the partially annealed crystal in an inert environment or a reducing environment to obtain the yttrium aluminum perovskite single crystal scintillator.
G01T 1/202 - Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a crystal
G01V 5/10 - Prospecting or detecting by the use of ionising radiation, e.g. of natural or induced radioactivity specially adapted for well-logging using primary nuclear radiation sources or X-rays using neutron sources
21.
WHITE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE WITH SINGLE CRYSTAL PHOSPHOR AND THE MANNER OF PRODUCTION
According to the invention, the diode with a single crystal phosphor placed over the chip selected from the InGaN, GaN or AIGaN group comprises the fact that the single crystal phosphor (21) is created from the monocrystalline ingot (51), created by LuYAG and/or YAP and/or GGAG masters, doped with the atoms selected from the Ce 3+, Ti 3+, Cr 3+, Eu 2+, Sm 2+, B 3+, C, Gd 3+or Ga3+ group, grown from the melt with the method selected from the Czochralski, HEM, Badgasarov, Kyropoulos or EFG group, when the L u 3+, y3+ and A1 3+ atoms can be replaced in the master up to the amount of 99.9 % with the B 3+, Gd 3+ or Ga3+ atoms. The composition and manner of production of the phosphor (21), treatment and shape of its surface and construction of the whole diode ensure the extraction of the converted light in the direction from the InGaN chip (13) itself of the diode towards the object that is being illuminated and limit the total reflection effect on the interface of the single crystal phosphor (21) and encapsulant (31) or single crystal phosphor (21) and surrounding environment (44).
Hou{hacek Over (z)}vi{hacek Over (c)}ka, Jind{hacek Over (r)}ich
Barto{hacek Over (s)}, Karel
Abstract
Preparation of lutetium and yttrium aluminate single crystals doped with rare earth oxides and transition elements consists in the preparation of oxide mixture sinter which is melted throughout and homogenized for a period of at least one hour. The crystal growth rate and broadening of the crystal cone are maintained uniform at an angle of at least 60° from the crystal axis up to a diameter of at least 80% of the crucible diameter which is at least 100 mm. The completion of the process occurs by separating the crystal from the melt while the crystal continues to be positioned inside the crucible in the zone wherein it was grown, and wherein final tempering of the crystal also takes place.
Preparation of lutetium and yttrium aluminate single crystals doped with rare earth oxides and transition elements consists in the preparation of oxide mixture sinter which is melted throughout and homogenized for a period of at least one hour. The single crystal seed has the minimum dimensions of 8 x 8 mm and length of 100 mm. The crystal growth rate and broadening of the crystal cone are maintained uniform at an angle of at least 60o from the crystal axis up to a diameter of at least 80% of the crucible diameter which is at least 100 mm. Thereafter the diameter thereof continues to be maintained by temperature regulation at the crystal/melt interface and by the crystal pulling and rotation speeds. The completion of the process occurs by separating the crystal from the melt while the crystal continues to be positioned inside the crucible in the zone wherein it was grown, and wherein final tempering of the crystal also takes place.
A scintillation detection unit for the detection of back-scattered electrons for electron and ion microscopes having a column (2) with longitudinal axis (3), in which the scintillation detection unit (1) consists of body (5) and at least one system (6) for processing the light signal comprising a photodetector or a photodetector preceded with additional optical members where the body (5) is at least partly made of scintillation material and is at least partly situated in a column (2) of an electron or ion microscope and is made up of at least one hollow part (11,11.1,11.2,11.3,11.4). The height (h) of the body (5) of scintillation detection unit (1) measured in the direction of longitudinal axis (3) is greater than one-and-a-half times the greatest width (w) measured in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis (3) of the hollow part (11,11.1,11.2,11.3,11.4) with the greatest width. ˙
patents
