A method for saturating or re-saturating ammonia storage material (1) capable of reversibly absorbing and desorbing ammonia in one or more storage containers (2), wherein said material is partly or fully depleted of ammonia, with ammonia to a predetermined saturation degree comprises a. placing the storage container(s) (2) in direct or indirect contact with a thermostatting medium (4) at a temperature level TT ≤ about 65 °C; and b. connecting the storage container(s) (2) to a source of gaseous ammonia wherein at least during a part of the method the gaseous ammonia during saturating or re-saturation of the ammonia storage material (1) is at a pressure PS ≤ PT, wherein PS is the ammonia pressure during saturating or re-saturating of the ammonia storage material (1) and PT is the equilibrium vapor pressure of liquid ammonia at the temperature level TT.
B01D 53/04 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
A method for controlled dosing of a gas with fluctuating supply pressure (Psupply). Dosing of the gas through a valve (6) is performed while a valve (5) is closed, and the decrease in control-volume pressure (Pcv) is recorded. The control-volume pressure (Pcv) is raised by closing dosing valve (6) and opening the valve (5). The amount of the dosed gas is calculated based on the known volume (Vcv) of the control volume (4) and at least one of the change in control-volume pressure (Pcv) and control-volume temperature (Tcv) in the period where valve (5) is closed. The amount of dosed gas is compared with a target or set-point to adjust or regulate the subsequent dosing period or dosing event.
B01D 53/94 - Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
A method for controlling the effective heat transfer from a storage unit (1). During gas release from storage material (3) in the storage unit the storage material is heated by a heater (2). During re-saturation of the storage material (3) with gas the heater is off. Controlling of the effective heat transfer from the storage unit (1) is performed, during gas release, by ceasing convection of a convection gas and, during re-saturation, by performing or enabling convection of a convection gas to cool the storage unit (1).
B01D 53/04 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
F17C 11/00 - Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
F28F 13/06 - Arrangements for modifying heat transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
An ammonia-based hydrogen generation reactor (110) comprises: an ammonia cracking chamber (1) with an ammonia cracking catalyst, an inner combustion chamber (2) with a combustion or oxidation catalyst being in thermal contact with the ammonia cracking chamber, an ammonia gas preheating chamber (3), and an outer jacket annulus (6) for recovery of heat from the combustion products exiting the combustion chamber (2), wherein the cracking chamber (1), the inner combustion chamber (2), the preheating chamber (3) and the heat recovery jacket annulus (6) are arranged concentrically. Further described is a system for generating hydrogen comprising at least one ammonia storage unit (119, 120, 400) which, when in operation, is combined with at least one hydrogen generation reactor (110), wherein, when in operation, the waste heat of the at least one hydrogen generation reactor (110) is transferred to at least one storage unit (119, 120, 400) being in operation. A power generating device further comprising a fuel cell, and a method for operating the system for generating hydrogen are also described.
A method is provided for estimating the degree of saturation (S) of a reversible solid ammonia storage material (3) in a storage unit (1). The storage unit (1) is equipped with a heater (2) to release ammonia and a connected tube (4) for ammonia flow. The initial temperature (TINIT) is measured with a sensor (9) in or around the storage unit (1) before any heating is initiated. Heating is initiated while recording the active time of heating (t) or the amount of energy (Q) released by the heater. The desorption pressure created by solid storage material in the storage unit (1) is measured via a pressure sensor (8) in fluid communication with the storage unit (1). The time (t TARGET), or the heat (Q TARGET) where the pressure reaches a certain target pressure (PTARGET) is recorded. The values of the target-pressure time (t TARGET), or the target-pressure heat (Q TARGET), and the initial temperature (TINIT) are used to compute an approximate degree of saturation (S).
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
6.
CONNECTED HEAT CONDUCTING STRUCTURES IN SOLID AMMONIA STORAGE SYSTEMS
A compacted block of material constructed of one or more units consisting of matter comprising an ammonia-saturated material capable of reversibly desorbing and ad- or absorbing ammonia surrounded by a gas-permeableenclosure made of a flexible material having a thermal conductivity of at least about five times the thermal conductivity of said ammonia-saturated material at -70°C to 250°C and methods for producing the same are described.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
B01J 20/04 - Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyProcesses for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
A process for saturating a solid material capable of binding ammonia by ad- or absorption and initially free of ammonia or partially saturated with ammonia comprises treating said solid material under a pressure and associated temperature located on the vapor pressure curve of ammonia with an amount of liquid ammonia sufficient to saturate said solid material and an additional amount of a cooling agent selected from liquid ammonia, liquid or solid CO2, hydrocarbons and hydrohalocarbons that have a higher vapour pressure than ammonia, ethyl ether, methyl formate, methyl amine and ethyl amine, such that | Qabs| ≤ | Qevap| + Qext, wherein Qabs is the amount of heat released from said solid material when it absorbs ammonia from the liquid phase thereof to the point where it is saturated with ammonia, Qevap is the amount of heat absorbed by said cooling agent when it evaporates, and Qext is the amount of heat exchanged with the surroundings and is positive, if heat is removed from the process by external cooling, and negative, if heat is added to the process from the surroundings.
C09K 5/04 - Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice-versa
F25B 15/04 - Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type without inert gas the refrigerant being ammonia evaporated from aqueous solution
In a method of storing and releasing gaseous ammonia from solid storage materials a first solid storage material (14) capable of releasing ammonia by desorption in a first container (10) and a second solid storage material (24) capable of ad- or absorbing ammonia reversibly and having a higher affinity for ammonia than the first storage material (14) in a second container (20) smaller than said first container (10) are in fluid communication. The pressure in at least the first container (10) is kept below the equilibrium pressure between ammonia and the storage material contained therein by means of a pump (28). When the pressure in the first container (10) is below a pressure threshold where the first storage material (14) does not release an amount of ammonia required by an ammonia consuming device connected with the containers via the vacuum pump (28), the second storage material (24) is heated such that the ammonia pressure of the second material (24) is higher than the ammonia pressure of the first material (14). The ammonia released by the second material (24) is continuously pumped off so as to deliver sufficient ammonia to said ammonia consuming unit. A device for carrying out the method is also described.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
A system for storage and dosing of ammonia, including a solid ammonia storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption/absorption. The system is able to release ammonia gradually according to a demand that can vary over time with intermediate periods of no ammonia demand. A main storage unit and a start-up storage unit are provided. The storage units hold ammonia storage material. At least one one-way valve is provided via which the one main storage unit is in communication with the start-up storage unit. The one-way valve prevents any back-flow of ammonia from the start-up storage unit to the main storage unit. Heating devices are arranged to heat the main storage unit and the startup storage unit separately to generate gaseous ammonia by thermal desorption from the solid storage material. A controller controls the heating power of the main storage unit and the start-up storage unit, thereby enabling ammonia release from the start-up and/or the main storage units. A dosing valve controls ammonia flow from the storage units according to a demand.
B01D 53/94 - Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
H01M 8/06 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
10.
ADDITIVES FOR HIGHLY COMPACTED AMMONIA STORAGE MATERIALS
Disclosed is a self-supporting solid compacted composition of material comprising an ammonia storage material capable of reversibly absorbing and desorbing ammonia in its ammonia saturated state in admixture with one or more additives incapable of storing ammonia and having a thermal conductivity of at least five times the thermal conductivity of the ammonia storage material, as well as a process for preparing it.
B01J 20/02 - Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyProcesses for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
B01J 20/04 - Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyProcesses for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
B01J 20/20 - Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyProcesses for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbonSolid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyProcesses for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
B01J 20/30 - Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating
B01D 53/94 - Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
C09K 5/04 - Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice-versa
F25B 17/08 - Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt
A method of saturating reversible ammonia storage materials inside a container for the purpose of achieving high volumetric ammonia storage capacity and containers filled with the materials are disclosed.
B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
C09K 5/04 - Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice-versa
F25B 17/08 - Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt
F25B 35/04 - Boiler-absorbers, i.e. boilers usable for absorption or adsorption using a solid as sorbent
A system for storing ammonia in and releasing ammonia from a storage material capable of binding and releasing ammonia reversibly by adsorption or absorption for a process with a gradual ammonia demand that can vary over the time. The system has a container capable of housing the ammonia-containing storage material; a heating source arranged to supply heat for the desorption of ammonia from the solid storage medium; and a controller arranged to control the heating source to release ammonia. The heating source is arranged inside the container and surrounded by ammonia storage material. A controllable dosing valve is arranged to dose released ammonia according to the ammonia demand. The controller comprises a feed-forward control arranged to control the heat supplied by the heating source, based on the ammonia demand.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
13.
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SAFE STORAGE AND DELIVERY OF AMMONIA AND USE OF STORAGE MATERIALS
In a method and device for safe use of meterials generating ammonia irreversibly, a first ammonia generating material (1a) capable of generating ammonia irreversibly and/or its decomposition product and a second ammonia storage material (2c) capable or reversibly or irreversibly ad- or absorbing ammonia which has a lower ammonia vapour pressure than said ammonia generating material and/or its decomposition product and is only partially saturated with or completely void of ammonia are brought into fluid communication with each other, when a vapour pressure of said first ammonia generating material and/or its decomposition product is at or higher than the pressure threshold, for ad- or absorbing ammonia released from the decomposition of the first ammonia generating material. An automotive NOx treatment system (200) comprising such apparatus (100, 100') is also described.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
H01M 8/06 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
B01D 53/02 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
14.
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR AMMONIA STORAGE AND DELIVERY USING IN-SITU RE-SATURATION OF A DELIVERY UNIT
Disclosed is a method for storing and delivering ammonia, wherein a first ammonia adsorbing/absorbing material in a storage tank having a higher vapor pressure at a given temperature than a second ammonia adsorbing/absorbing material is used as an ammonia source for said second ammonia in a container adsorbing/absorbing material when said second adsorbing/absorbing material is depleted of ammonia by consumption, and a device for performing the method.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
H01M 8/06 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
B01D 53/02 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
15.
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SAGE STORAGE AND DELIVERY OF AMMONIA AND USE OF AMMONIA STORAGE MATERIALS
There is described a method and apparatus (100, 100') for storing and delivering ammonia wherein at least two ammonia storage materials (1a, 2a) capable of reversibly adsorbing or absorbing ammonia having different ammonia vapor pressures are used. Ammonia storage material (2a) having a lower vapor pressure, which is only partially saturated with ammonia or void of ammonia, is brought into fluid communication with ammonia storage material (1a) having a higher ammonia vapor pressure to adsorb or absorb ammonia released from the ammonia storage material (1a) having a higher ammonia vapor pressure when the latter is higher than a pressure threshold. An automotive NOx treatment system (200) comprising such apparatus (100, 100') is also described.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
H01M 8/06 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
B01D 53/02 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
16.
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR STORING AND DELIVERING AMMONIA FROM A SOLID AMMONIA STORAGE MEDIUM
Solid metal ammine complexes are applied for safe and high-density storage of ammonia to be released for use as reducing agent in selective catalytic reduction of NOx in exhaust gases or as an energy carrier for fuel cell applications. The compositional formula of the metal ammine complexes is M(NH3)nXz, where Mz+ represents one or more metal ions capable of binding ammonia, X represents one or more anions, n is the coordination number (from 2 to 12), and z the valency of the metal ion (and thus the total number of compensating anion charges). Ammonia is released by controlled dosing of water into the storage container whereby ammonia is released because water replaces ammonia on the active sites capable of binding ammonia. Consequently, ammonia can be released without applying a normal thermal desorption of ammonia and the operating temperature of the system is reduced as well as the energy needed for releasing ammonia.
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
H01M 8/06 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
H01M 8/04 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
17.
A METHOD OF STORING AND DELIVERING AMMONIA AND THE USE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FOR DESORPTION OF AMMONIA FROM A CHEMICAL COMPLEX
A method of storing and delivering ammonia and the use of electromagnetic radiation for desorption of ammonia from a chemical complex. Solid metal ammine complexes are applied for safe and high-density storage of ammonia to be released for use as reducing agent in selective catalytic reduction of NOx in exhaust gases. The compositional formula of the metal ammine complexes is M(NH3)nXz, where M2+ represents one or more metal ions capable of binding ammonia, X represents one or more anions, n is the coordination number (from 2 to 12), and z the valency of the metal ion (and thus the total number of compensating anion charges). Ammonia is released non-thermally by photon-activation using electromagnetic irradiation of the complex bond between ammonia coordinated to the metal ion
B01D 53/94 - Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
F01N 3/20 - Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operationControl specially adapted for catalytic conversion
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