According to one aspect, a system for electrochemical power storage may include a plurality of instances of a metal-air battery, each instance of the metal-air battery including an air electrode, a metal electrode, and a liquid electrolyte separating the air electrode from the metal electrode with the air electrode and the metal electrode ionically coupled to one another via the liquid electrolyte; and a carbon dioxide removal system into which ambient air is directable, carbon dioxide from the ambient air removable in the carbon dioxide removal system to generate purified air, and the carbon dioxide removal system in fluid communication with the plurality of instances of the metal-air batteries such that the purified air is movable from the carbon dioxide removal system to the plurality of instances of the metal-air battery.
B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
Various embodiments provide a battery, a bulk energy storage system including the battery, and/or a method of operating the bulk energy storage system including the battery. In various embodiment, the battery may include a first electrode, an electrolyte, and a second electrode, wherein one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises direct reduced iron (“DRI”). In various embodiments, the DRI may be in the form of pellets. In various embodiments, the pellets may comprise at least about 60 wt % iron by elemental mass, based on the total mass of the pellets. In various embodiments, one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises from about 60% to about 90% iron and from about 1% to about 40% of a component comprising one or more of the materials selected from the group of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, and TiO2.
H01M 4/38 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
H01M 4/02 - Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
H01M 4/36 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
H01M 4/62 - Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
3.
METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND DEVICES FOR PURIFYING METAL-CONTAINING MATERIAL
Methods and systems of the present disclosure are generally directed to purification of metal-containing material. For example, soft oxidation may be used to generate an oxygen-free product from a low-quality alloy of a base metal. The oxygen-free product may be electrolyzed directly to generate a higher-quality alloy of the base metal – namely, an alloy with higher weight percentage of the base metal and, thus, lower weight percentage of tramp elements. As compared to recycling the base metal with a metal-air electrochemical cell, the methods and systems of the present disclosure may facilitate forming high-quality recycled metal (e.g., aluminum) using significantly less energy.
C25C 3/04 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of magnesium
C25C 3/28 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium of titanium
H01M 4/46 - Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
H01M 10/39 - Accumulators not provided for in groups working at high temperature
Methods and systems of the present disclosure are generally directed to purification of metal-containing material. For example, soft oxidation may be used to generate an oxygen-free product from a low-quality alloy of a base metal. The oxygen-free product may be electrolyzed directly to generate a higher-quality alloy of the base metal—namely, an alloy with higher weight percentage of the base metal and, thus, lower weight percentage of tramp elements. As compared to recycling the base metal with a metal-air electrochemical cell, the methods and systems of the present disclosure may facilitate forming high-quality recycled metal (e.g., aluminum) using significantly less energy.
C25C 3/28 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or vanadium of titanium
Detailed herein are systems and methods for large volume design, building, and testing, particularly suited for rechargeable batteries intended for long duration energy storage. A specific item, such as a battery cell, may be designed through input and selection of various components and configurations, along with desired test protocols and configurations. A build team is notified of the new item, and confirms material and resources are ready to build the item. A specific channel is reserved or committed for the test. Test data, along with specifics and any errors or conditions encountered from specification through teardown, is tracked.
A metal-oxygen battery system, including: an electrochemical cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an energy storage reactor in fluid communication with the negative electrode; a gas store in fluid communication with the positive electrode, the gas store configured to store oxygen; and a fuel gauge configured to determine a state of charge, wherein the gas store and the positive electrode form a closed system.
H01M 8/18 - Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
7.
METHANE-OXYGEN BATTERY SYSTEM AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF
A methane-oxygen battery system including an electrochemical cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte; a reactor in fluid communication with the negative electrode; a fuel gauge; and a gas store including a first compartment in fluid communication with the positive electrode and configured to store oxygen, a second compartment in fluid communication with the negative electrode and configured to store carbon dioxide and water, a third compartment in fluid communication with the negative electrode or the reactor and configured to store methane, a first barrier between the first compartment and the second compartment, and a second barrier between the second compartment and the third compartment. The gas store and the electrochemical cell form a closed system. The fuel gauge is configured to determine a state of charge based on a position of at least one of the first barrier or the second barrier.
H01M 8/0612 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
H01M 8/04089 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
Oxygen evolution electrodes having high surface area plating and methods of forming such oxygen evolution electrodes are described. According to one aspect, an electrode for an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) may include a substrate including at least one surface and a layer of nickel coated on the at least one surface of the substrate. The at least one surface of the substrate has a first surface area, the layer of nickel has a second surface area, and a ratio of the second surface area to the first surface area is greater than about 10:1 and less than about 50:1.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
A metal-oxygen battery system, including: an electrochemical cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and an energy storage reactor in fluid communication with the negative electrode; a gas store in fluid communication with the positive electrode, the gas store configured to store oxygen; and a fuel gauge configured to determine a state of charge, wherein the gas store and the positive electrode form a closed system.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 4/52 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
H01M 10/0561 - Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
A carbon-oxygen battery system, including a Boudouard reactor in fluid communication with an electrochemical cell; a carbon store configured to store carbon; a gas store in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell, and a fuel gauge. The gas store is configured to separately store oxygen and a carbon-containing gas, wherein the gas store comprises a movable barrier separating the oxygen from the carbon-containing gas. The fuel gauge configured to determine a state of charge based on a position of the movable barrier, a mass of the oxygen in the gas store, a mass of the carbon-containing gas in the gas store, a mass of carbon in the carbon store, a volume of carbon in the carbon store, or a combination thereof. The gas store and the electrochemical cell form a closed system.
H01M 8/04082 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
H01M 8/0668 - Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
H01M 8/1246 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
A carbon-oxygen battery system, including a Boudouard reactor in fluid communication with an electrochemical cell; a carbon store configured to store carbon; a gas store in fluid communication with the electrochemical cell, and a fuel gauge. The gas store is configured to separately store oxygen and a carbon-containing gas, wherein the gas store comprises a movable barrier separating the oxygen from the carbon-containing gas. The fuel gauge configured to determine a state of charge based on a position of the movable barrier, a mass of the oxygen in the gas store, a mass of the carbon-containing gas in the gas store, a mass of carbon in the carbon store, a volume of carbon in the carbon store, or a combination thereof. The gas store and the electrochemical cell form a closed system.
H01M 8/04089 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
H01M 8/1233 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
A methane-oxygen battery system including an electrochemical cell including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte; a reactor in fluid communication with the negative electrode; a fuel gauge; and a gas store including a first compartment in fluid communication with the positive electrode and configured to store oxygen, a second compartment in fluid communication with the negative electrode and configured to store carbon dioxide and water, a third compartment in fluid communication with the negative electrode or the reactor and configured to store methane, a first barrier between the first compartment and the second compartment, and a second barrier between the second compartment and the third compartment. The gas store and the electrochemical cell form a closed system. The fuel gauge is configured to determine a state of charge based on a position of at least one of the first barrier or the second barrier.
H01M 8/18 - Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
H01M 8/1213 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
H01M 8/04082 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
H01M 8/04111 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants using a compressor turbine assembly
H01M 8/04119 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyteHumidifying or dehumidifying
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
Oxygen evolution electrodes having high surface area plating and methods of forming such oxygen evolution electrodes are described. According to one aspect, an electrode for an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) may include a substrate including at least one surface and a layer of nickel coated on the at least one surface of the substrate. The at least one surface of the substrate has a first surface area, the layer of nickel has a second surface area, and a ratio of the second surface area to the first surface area is greater than about 10:1 and less than about 50:1.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 4/02 - Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
An electrochemical cell may include an anode, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), an oxygen evolution electrode (OEE); a vessel, a separator, and at least one standoff. The vessel may define a volume in which the OEE, the GDE, and the anode are each at least partially disposed with the OEE between the anode and the GDE. The separator may be ionically conductive and electrically insulative and disposed between the anode and the OEE. The at least one standoff may space the OEE from the anode, the at least one standoff penetrating the separator at discontinuities and forming at least a portion of respective liquid tight seals with the separator at the discontinuities.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
The present disclosure is generally directed to a discharge cathode of a metal-air battery. A method of fabricating the discharge cathode includes forming a frame of electrically insulating material onto a terminal with a first end portion of the terminal exposed in a window defined by the frame and a second end portion of the terminal outside of the frame. The method includes positioning a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) on the frame with a busbar supported on the GDE and a bus tab extending from the busbar to the window. The method includes connecting the bus tab and the first end portion of the terminal to one another through the window. The method includes, with the bus tab and the terminal connected to one another, hermetically sealing the window.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/138 - Primary casingsJackets or wrappings adapted for specific cells, e.g. electrochemical cells operating at high temperature
H01M 50/545 - Terminals formed by the casing of the cells
The present disclosure is generally directed to current collectors for electrochemical cells and methods of fabricating current collectors. In some implementations, a current collector includes a terminal electrically connectable to an external electric circuit. The current collector includes a substrate including an electrically conductive material and having a first end portion and a second end portion. The terminal is disposed on the first end portion. The substrate has a length from the first end portion to the second end portion. The electrically conductive material has a cross-sectional area decreasing along at least a portion of the length in a longitudinal direction from the terminal to the second end portion of the substrate.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
17.
GAS SENSOR ADAPTER FOR A HIGH FLOW VENTILATION SYSTEM
The present disclosure is generally directed to ventilation systems and an assembly for sensing gas concentration in a ventilation system. The assembly includes a body defining an opening and a passage. The assembly includes a first tube supported on the body, the first tube defining a first channel and one or more first apertures, the one or more first apertures in fluid communication with the passage via the first channel. The assembly includes a second tube supported on the body, the second tube defining a second channel and one or more second apertures, the one or more second apertures in fluid communication with the passage via the second channel and, collectively, the one or more first apertures, the first channel, the passage, the second channel, and the one or more second apertures defining at least a portion of a flow path.
G01N 33/00 - Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 50/358 - External gas exhaust passages located on the battery cover or case
The present disclosure is generally directed to a discharge cathode of a metal-air battery. A method of fabricating the discharge cathode includes forming a frame of electrically insulating material onto a terminal with a first end portion of the terminal exposed in a window defined by the frame and a second end portion of the terminal outside of the frame. The method includes positioning a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) on the frame with a busbar supported on the GDE and a bus tab extending from the busbar to the window. The method includes connecting the bus tab and the first end portion of the terminal to one another through the window. The method includes, with the bus tab and the terminal connected to one another, hermetically sealing the window.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
The present disclosure is generally directed to current collectors for electrochemical cells and methods of fabricating current collectors. In some implementations, a current collector includes a terminal electrically connectable to an external electric circuit. The current collector includes a substrate including an electrically conductive material and having a first end portion and a second end portion. The terminal is disposed on the first end portion. The substrate has a length from the first end portion to the second end portion. The electrically conductive material has a cross-sectional area decreasing along at least a portion of the length in a longitudinal direction from the terminal to the second end portion of the substrate.
An electrochemical cell may include a vessel, a first module, a second module, and a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The vessel has a thickness dimension. The first module includes a first anode sandwiched between two first oxygen evolution electrodes along the thickness dimension of the vessel. The second module includes a second anode sandwiched between two second oxygen evolution electrodes along the thickness dimension of the vessel. A gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is disposed between the first module and the second module in the vessel along the thickness dimension of the vessel.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
H01M 50/172 - Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing
The present disclosure is generally directed to ventilation systems and an assembly for sensing gas concentration in a ventilation system. The assembly includes a body defining an opening and a passage. The assembly includes a first tube supported on the body, the first tube defining a first channel and one or more first apertures, the one or more first apertures in fluid communication with the passage via the first channel. The assembly includes a second tube supported on the body, the second tube defining a second channel and one or more second apertures, the one or more second apertures in fluid communication with the passage via the second channel and, collectively, the one or more first apertures, the first channel, the passage, the second channel, and the one or more second apertures defining at least a portion of a flow path.
G01N 33/00 - Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups
G01N 1/22 - Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
An electrochemical cell may include an anode, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), an oxygen evolution electrode (OEE); a vessel, a separator, and at least one standoff. The vessel may define a volume in which the OEE, the GDE, and the anode are each at least partially disposed with the OEE between the anode and the GDE. The separator may be ionically conductive and electrically insulative and disposed between the anode and the OEE. The at least one standoff may space the OEE from the anode, the at least one standoff penetrating the separator at discontinuities and forming at least a portion of respective liquid tight seals with the separator at the discontinuities.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
H01M 50/46 - Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
H01M 50/463 - Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their shape
An electrochemical cell may include a vessel, a first module, a second module, and a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The vessel has a thickness dimension. The first module includes a first anode sandwiched between two first oxygen evolution electrodes along the thickness dimension of the vessel. The second module includes a second anode sandwiched between two second oxygen evolution electrodes along the thickness dimension of the vessel. A gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is disposed between the first module and the second module in the vessel along the thickness dimension of the vessel.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/138 - Primary casingsJackets or wrappings adapted for specific cells, e.g. electrochemical cells operating at high temperature
Various embodiments relate to several processes that may recover commodity chemicals from an alkaline metal-air battery. In various embodiments, while the cell is operating, various side products and waste streams may be collected and processed to regain use or additional value. Various embodiments also include processes to be performed after the cell has been disassembled, and each of its electrodes have been separated such as not to be an electrical hazard. The alkaline metal battery recycling processes described herein may provide multiple forms of commodity iron, high purity transition metal ores, fluoropolymer dispersions, various carbons, commodity chemicals, and catalyst dispersions.
An electrode, including a first iron material and a second iron material. The first iron material is a first reduced iron and the second iron material is different from the first iron material. Also provided is an electrochemical cell comprising an electrode including a first iron material and a second iron material. Further provided is a method of making an electrode.
An electrode, including a first iron material and a second iron material. The first iron material is a first reduced iron and the second iron material is different from the first iron material. Also provided is an electrochemical cell comprising an electrode including a first iron material and a second iron material. Further provided is a method of making an electrode.
H01M 4/02 - Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
H01M 4/36 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
H01M 4/38 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
27.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL INCLUDING AN ADDITIVE AND METHOD OF OPERATING THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
An electrochemical cell including: a first electrode including iron, wherein a density (D) of the iron in the first electrode is greater than 2.11 g/cm3 and less than 7.87 g/cm3, based on a total weight of the iron and a total volume of the first electrode; an alkaline electrolyte; a second electrode; and an additive comprising a metal M, wherein the additive is effective to facilitate oxidation of the iron to Fe3-xMxO4, wherein 0≤x<1, and wherein a specific discharge capacity (Q) of the first electrode in the first discharge plateau is represented by Formula 1:
An electrochemical cell including: a first electrode including iron, wherein a density (D) of the iron in the first electrode is greater than 2.11 g/cm3 and less than 7.87 g/cm3, based on a total weight of the iron and a total volume of the first electrode; an alkaline electrolyte; a second electrode; and an additive comprising a metal M, wherein the additive is effective to facilitate oxidation of the iron to Fe3-xMxO4, wherein 0≤x<1, and wherein a specific discharge capacity (Q) of the first electrode in the first discharge plateau is represented by Formula 1:
Q>((7.87/D)−1)*352 mAh/gram of iron, based on a total weight of iron in the first electrode (1).
An electrochemical cell including: a first electrode including iron, wherein a density (D) of the iron in the first electrode is greater than 2.11 g/cm3and less than 7.87 g/cm33-xx44, wherein 0≤x<1, and wherein a specific discharge capacity (Q) of the first electrode in the first discharge plateau is represented by Formula 1: Q > ((7.87/D)-1)∗352 mAh/gram of iron, based on a total weight of iron in the first electrode (1).
An electrochemical cell includes a mist elimination system that prevents mist from escaping from the cell chamber and conserves moisture within the cell. An exemplary mist elimination system includes a spill prevention device that reduces or prevents an electrolyte from escaping from the cell chamber in the event of an upset, wherein the electrochemical cell is tipped over. A mist elimination system includes a recombination portion that reacts with hydrogen to produce water, that may be reintroduced into the cell chamber. A mist elimination system includes a neutralizer portion that reacts with an electrolyte to bring the pH closer to neutral, as acid/base reaction. A mist elimination system includes a filter that captures mist that may be reintroduced into the cell chamber. A mist elimination system includes a hydrophobic filter on the outer surface to prevent water and other liquids from entering into the mist elimination system.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/30 - Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
H01M 50/35 - Gas exhaust passages comprising elongated, tortuous or labyrinth-shaped exhaust passages
H01M 50/367 - Internal gas exhaust passages forming part of the battery cover or caseDouble cover vent systems
H01M 50/392 - Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases with means for neutralising or absorbing electrolyteArrangements for facilitating escape of gases with means for preventing leakage of electrolyte through vent holes
30.
DECOUPLED ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
H01M 8/1027 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having carbon, oxygen and other atoms, e.g. sulfonated polyethersulfones [S-PES]
H01M 4/52 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide device architectures for batteries. In various embodiments, these may be primary or secondary batteries. In various embodiments these devices may be useful for energy storage. Various embodiments may provide a battery including an Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) electrode, an Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) electrode, a metal electrode; and an electrolyte separating the ORR electrode and the OER electrode from the metal electrode.
A method of purifying an alkaline electrolyte includes contacting the alkaline electrolyte with an aluminum compound to provide a purified alkaline electrolyte. The alkaline electrolyte includes a metal hydroxide, a compound comprising aluminum, silicon, or a combination thereof, and a solvent. The method can be particularly advantageous when used with a method of processing an iron-containing feedstock.
B01D 15/36 - Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism involving ionic interaction, e.g. ion-exchange, ion-pair, ion-suppression or ion-exclusion
B01D 21/01 - Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation using flocculating agents
C25C 1/06 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese
An electrochemical reactor, including: a first magnetic field source; a second magnetic field source; and an electrochemical cell between the first magnetic field source and the second magnetic field source, the electrochemical cell comprising an anode and a cathode, wherein the anode and the cathode are in a channel configured to contain an electrolyte stream comprising an iron-containing feedstock, and wherein the anode and the cathode are configured to contact the electrolyte stream, and wherein the electrochemical reactor is configured to electrochemically reduce at least a portion of the iron-containing feedstock to iron metal at the cathode and in a magnetic field provided by the first magnetic field source, the second magnetic field source, or a combination thereof.
A method of removing one or more impurities from an iron-containing feedstock includes grinding the iron-containing feedstock in the presence of a grinding aid to form a pretreated iron-containing feedstock, the grinding aid including an alkali metal chloride, a fluoride salt, or a combination thereof; contacting the pretreated iron-containing feedstock with a flux comprising a metal borate; fusing the pretreated iron-containing feedstock and the flux to form a fused mixture; treating the fused mixture with a leaching solution to form a purified iron-containing feedstock and a used leaching solution; and solid-liquid separating the purified iron-containing feedstock from the used leaching solution, wherein an amount of aluminum, silicon, or a combination thereof is less in the purified iron-containing feedstock than in the iron-containing feedstock. Methods of removing one or more impurities from an iron-containing feedstock also include leaching the pretreated iron-containing feedstock with acid or base without fusion.
An electrochemical reactor system includes: an electrochemical cell, having: an anode; a cathode; an electrolyte stream including an electrolyte and an iron-containing feedstock containing feedstock particles; and a channel that contains the electrolyte stream; and a magnetic field source positioned to provide a magnetic field at the surface of the cathode. The electrochemical cell electrochemically reduces the iron-containing feedstock to form iron particles at a surface of the cathode and in the magnetic field. The feedstock particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 10 micrometers or less, and the iron particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 50 to 1,000 micrometers, or the feedstock particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 25 micrometers or greater, and the iron particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 0.1 to 20 micrometers.
An electrochemical reactor, including: a first magnetic field source; a second magnetic field source; and an electrochemical cell between the first magnetic field source and the second magnetic field source, the electrochemical cell comprising an anode and a cathode, wherein the anode and the cathode are in a channel configured to contain an electrolyte stream comprising an iron-containing feedstock, and wherein the anode and the cathode are configured to contact the electrolyte stream, and wherein the electrochemical reactor is configured to electrochemically reduce at least a portion of the iron-containing feedstock to iron metal at the cathode and in a magnetic field provided by the first magnetic field source, the second magnetic field source, or a combination thereof.
A method of removing one or more impurities from an iron-containing feedstock includes grinding the iron-containing feedstock in the presence of a grinding aid to form a pretreated iron-containing feedstock, the grinding aid including an alkali metal chloride, a fluoride salt, or a combination thereof; contacting the pretreated iron-containing feedstock with a flux comprising a metal borate; fusing the pretreated iron-containing feedstock and the flux to form a fused mixture; treating the fused mixture with a leaching solution to form a purified iron-containing feedstock and a used leaching solution; and solid-liquid separating the purified iron-containing feedstock from the used leaching solution, wherein an amount of aluminum, silicon, or a combination thereof is less in the purified iron-containing feedstock than in the iron-containing feedstock. Methods of removing one or more impurities from an iron-containing feedstock also include leaching the pretreated iron-containing feedstock with acid or base without fusion.
An electrochemical reactor system includes: an electrochemical cell, having: an anode; a cathode; an electrolyte stream including an electrolyte and an iron-containing feedstock containing feedstock particles; and a channel that contains the electrolyte stream; and a magnetic field source positioned to provide a magnetic field at the surface of the cathode. The electrochemical cell electrochemically reduces the iron-containing feedstock to form iron particles at a surface of the cathode and in the magnetic field. The feedstock particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 10 micrometers or less, and the iron particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 50 to 1,000 micrometers, or the feedstock particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 25 micrometers or greater, and the iron particles have an average particle size in at least one dimension of 0.1 to 20 micrometers.
C25C 1/06 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese
B22F 9/24 - Making metallic powder or suspensions thereofApparatus or devices specially adapted therefor using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
C25C 7/00 - Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cellsServicing or operating of cells
39.
PROCESSING IRON-CONTAINING FEEDSTOCKS USING OXALATE
The present disclosure is directed to processing iron-containing feedstocks using oxalic acid to cost-effectively and cleanly transform low-cost iron feedstocks into iron-containing products (e.g., metallic iron and/or iron oxide) of high purity. In general, the methods of production using the systems described herein may include leaching low-purity iron feedstocks using a lixiviant including oxalic acid and an iron-complexing additive. The iron-complexing additive may suppress formation of iron (II) oxalate crystals and iron (III) oxalate crystals as leaching of a low-purity iron feedstock is carried out using oxalic acid, thus improving process kinetics and increasing the amount of iron that goes into solution during the leaching operation and ultimately recovered as a high-purity iron-containing product (e.g., metallic iron and/or iron oxide).
An alkaline electrolyte including: an alkaline solution having a total hydroxide concentration of greater than 1 molar, based on a total volume of the alkaline electrolyte; and an additive including a trivalent element, wherein a concentration of the trivalent element is 1 millimolar to 5 molar, based on a total volume of the alkaline electrolyte, sulfur, and tin.
An alkaline electrolyte including: an alkaline solution having a total hydroxide concentration of greater than 1 molar, based on a total volume of the alkaline electrolyte; and an additive including a trivalent element, wherein a concentration of the trivalent element is 1 millimolar to 5 molar, based on a total volume of the alkaline electrolyte, sulfur, and tin.
The present disclosure is directed to processing iron-containing feedstocks using oxalic acid to cost-effectively and cleanly transform low-cost iron feedstocks into iron-containing products (e.g., metallic iron and/or iron oxide) of high purity. In general, the methods of production using the systems described herein may include leaching low-purity iron feedstocks using a lixiviant including oxalic acid and an iron-complexing additive. The iron-complexing additive may suppress formation of iron (II) oxalate crystals and iron (III) oxalate crystals as leaching of a low-purity iron feedstock is carried out using oxalic acid, thus improving process kinetics and increasing the amount of iron that goes into solution during the leaching operation and ultimately recovered as a high-purity iron-containing product (e.g., metallic iron and/or iron oxide).
According to an aspect, an electrochemical cell may include an electrolyte and an anode in the electrolyte, the anode including an iron-containing active material, at least one of the anode and the electrolyte including an additive reactive to inhibit hydrogen evolution in a charge state and in a resting state of the electrochemical cell, and the additive in a concentration greater than about 10 and less than about 10,000 atoms of additive per million atoms iron of the iron-containing active material.
According to an aspect, an electrochemical cell may include an electrolyte and an anode in the electrolyte, the anode including an iron-containing active material, at least one of the anode and the electrolyte including an additive reactive to inhibit hydrogen evolution in a charge state and in a resting state of the electrochemical cell, and the additive in a concentration greater than about 10 and less than about 10,000 atoms of additive per million atoms iron of the iron-containing active material.
H01M 10/26 - Selection of materials as electrolytes
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 4/62 - Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
According to one aspect, an electrochemical cell may include a first electrode including a metal-containing active material, a second electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic communication between the first electrode and the second electrode, the electrolyte including a gel and an additive, the gel including a polymer network and a liquid medium, the polymer network carried in the liquid medium, the additive suspended in the gel and accumulable at the metal-containing active material of the first electrode.
According to one aspect, an electrochemical cell may include a first electrode including a metal-containing active material, a second electrode, and an electrolyte in ionic communication between the first electrode and the second electrode, the electrolyte including a gel and an additive, the gel including a polymer network and a liquid medium, the polymer network carried in the liquid medium, the additive suspended in the gel and accumulable at the metal-containing active material of the first electrode.
H01M 10/26 - Selection of materials as electrolytes
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide metal air electrochemical cell architectures. Various embodiments may provide a battery, such as an unsealed battery or sealed battery, with an open cell arrangement configured such that a liquid electrolyte layer separates a metal electrode from an air electrode. In various embodiments, the electrolyte may be disposed within one or more vessel of the battery such that electrolyte serves as a barrier between a metal electrode and gaseous oxygen. Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide for removing a metal electrode from electrolyte to prevent self-discharge of the metal electrode. Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a three electrode battery configured to operate each in a discharge mode, but with two distinct electrochemical reactions occurring at each electrode.
Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable battery for the power grid to provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and/or operationally efficient solution to energy source variability and/or energy demand variability. In particular, the systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a refuelable primary battery solution that addresses bulk seasonal energy storage needs, variable demand needs, and other challenges.
According to one aspect, a method of flame arresting in an electrochemical energy storage module may include receiving one or more signals indicative of operation of a plurality of electrochemical cells; based on the one or more signals, determining an operating state of the plurality of electrochemical cells; and, according to a predetermined relationship between the operating state of the plurality of electrochemical cells and a flame risk in a shared vent in fluid communication with the plurality of electrochemical cells, controlling power to at least one fan to control movement of gas along the shared vent and toward an outlet region in fluid communication with the shared vent.
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
According to one aspect, a method of flame arresting in an electrochemical energy storage module may include receiving one or more signals indicative of operation of a plurality of electrochemical cells; based on the one or more signals, determining an operating state of the plurality of electrochemical cells; and, according to a predetermined relationship between the operating state of the plurality of electrochemical cells and a flame risk in a shared vent in fluid communication with the plurality of electrochemical cells, controlling power to at least one fan to control movement of gas along the shared vent and toward an outlet region in fluid communication with the shared vent.
H01M 50/383 - Flame arresting or ignition-preventing means
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide metal electrodes for electrochemical cells. In various embodiments, the electrodes may comprise iron. Various methods may enable achieving high surface area with low cost for production of metal electrodes, such as iron electrodes.
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
H01M 4/02 - Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
xyzz, wherein A is an A-site element and includes Ba, Ca, Cu, Dy, Er, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Y, or Yb, or a combination thereof, M is an M-site element and includes Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Sc, or P, or a combination thereof, and 0
B01J 35/70 - Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their crystalline properties, e.g. semi-crystalline
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
A composition includes a compound of the formula AxMyOz, wherein A is an A-site element and includes Ba, Ca, Cu, Dy, Er, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Sr, Y, or Yb, or a combination thereof, M is an M-site element and includes Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti, Sc, or P, or a combination thereof, and 0
According to one aspect, a system for electrochemical power storage may include at least one instance of a battery module, each instance of the battery module including a battery enclosure and a metal-air battery, the metal-air battery disposed in the battery enclosure; a reservoir including a volume of a liquid electrolyte; a supply conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the battery enclosure; a pump actuatable to move the liquid electrolyte from the reservoir into the battery enclosure via the supply conduit; and a return conduit in fluid communication between the battery enclosure and the reservoir, the liquid electrolyte movable from the battery enclosure to the reservoir, via the return conduit, with the metal-air battery immersed in the liquid electrolyte in the battery enclosure.
H01M 50/609 - Arrangements or processes for filling with liquid, e.g. electrolytes
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/673 - Containers for storing liquidsDelivery conduits therefor
H01M 50/691 - Arrangements or processes for draining liquids from casingsCleaning battery or cell casings
55.
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL POWER STORAGE
According to one aspect, a system for electrochemical power storage may include a plurality of instances of a metal-air battery, each instance of the metal-air battery including an air electrode, a metal electrode, and a liquid electrolyte separating the air electrode from the metal electrode with the air electrode and the metal electrode ionically coupled to one another via the liquid electrolyte; and a carbon dioxide removal system into which ambient air is directable, carbon dioxide from the ambient air removable in the carbon dioxide removal system to generate purified air, and the carbon dioxide removal system in fluid communication with the plurality of instances of the metal-air batteries such that the purified air is movable from the carbon dioxide removal system to the plurality of instances of the metal-air battery.
According to one aspect, a system for electrochemical power storage may include at least one instance of a battery module, each instance of the battery module including a battery enclosure and a metal-air battery, the metal-air battery disposed in the battery enclosure; a reservoir including a volume of a liquid electrolyte; a supply conduit in fluid communication between the reservoir and the battery enclosure; a pump actuatable to move the liquid electrolyte from the reservoir into the battery enclosure via the supply conduit; and a return conduit in fluid communication between the battery enclosure and the reservoir, the liquid electrolyte movable from the battery enclosure to the reservoir, via the return conduit, with the metal-air battery immersed in the liquid electrolyte in the battery enclosure.
H01M 10/42 - Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 16/00 - Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
H01M 50/609 - Arrangements or processes for filling with liquid, e.g. electrolytes
H01M 50/673 - Containers for storing liquidsDelivery conduits therefor
H01M 50/77 - Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte with external circulating path
57.
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR AND METHOD FOR REDUCING IRON FROM AN IRON-CONTAINING FEEDSTOCK
An electrochemical reactor, including a channel for containing and directing flow of an electrolyte stream, wherein the electrolyte stream includes an electrolyte and an iron-containing feedstock; an anode and a cathode positioned in contact with the channel; and a source of a magnetic field positioned in proximity to the cathode, wherein the electrochemical reactor is configured to electrochemically reduce at least a portion of the iron-containing feedstock to iron metal at a surface of the cathode and in a magnetic field of the source, and wherein the at least a portion of the iron-containing feedstock is electrochemically reduced to the iron metal at a current efficiency of at least 0.75, wherein the current efficiency is a ratio of charge used for the reduction of the iron-containing feedstock to a total charge provided to the cathode.
An electrochemical reactor comprising a source of a magnetic field positioned in proximity to a cathode and configured to generate a magnetic field; and an electrochemical cell comprising an anode and the cathode, and further comprising a catholyte channel configured to direct a catholyte stream comprising an iron-containing feedstock to the cathode; an anolyte channel configured to direct an anolyte stream comprising a metal chloride to the anode, wherein the catholyte channel and the anolyte channel are disposed between the cathode and the anode; and a separator disposed between the catholyte channel and the anolyte channel, wherein the electrochemical reactor is configured to electrochemically oxidize chloride anions to chlorine gas at a surface of the anode, and wherein the electrochemical reactor is further configured to electrochemically reduce the iron-containing feedstock to an iron particle comprising iron metal at the surface of the cathode and in the magnetic field.
An electrochemical cell and battery system including cells, each cell including a catholyte, an anolyte, and a separator disposed between the catholyte and anolyte and that is permeable to the at least one ionic species (for example, a metal cation or the hydroxide ion). The catholyte solution includes a ferricyanide, permanganate, manganate, sulfur, and/or polysulfide compound, and the anolyte includes a sulfide and/or polysulfide compound. These electrochemical couples may be embodied in various physical architectures, including static (non-flowing) architectures or in flow battery (flowing) architectures.
H01M 8/18 - Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
H01M 4/50 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
H01M 8/1025 - Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters
H01M 8/1246 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
H01M 50/451 - Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
H01M 50/489 - Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
An electrochemical reactor comprising a source of a magnetic field positioned in proximity to a cathode and configured to generate a magnetic field; and an electrochemical cell comprising an anode and the cathode, and further comprising a catholyte channel configured to direct a catholyte stream comprising an iron-containing feedstock to the cathode; an anolyte channel configured to direct an anolyte stream comprising a metal chloride to the anode, wherein the catholyte channel and the anolyte channel are disposed between the cathode and the anode; and a separator disposed between the catholyte channel and the anolyte channel, wherein the electrochemical reactor is configured to electrochemically oxidize chloride anions to chlorine gas at a surface of the anode, and wherein the electrochemical reactor is further configured to electrochemically reduce the iron-containing feedstock to an iron particle comprising iron metal at the surface of the cathode and in the magnetic field.
A method of purifying an alkaline electrolyte includes contacting the alkaline electrolyte with an aluminum compound to provide a purified alkaline electrolyte. The alkaline electrolyte includes a metal hydroxide, a compound comprising aluminum, silicon, or a combination thereof, and a solvent. The method can be particularly advantageous when used with a method of processing an iron-containing feedstock.
An electrochemical reactor, including a channel for containing and directing flow of an electrolyte stream, wherein the electrolyte stream includes an electrolyte and an iron-containing feedstock; an anode and a cathode positioned in contact with the channel; and a source of a magnetic field positioned in proximity to the cathode, wherein the electrochemical reactor is configured to electrochemically reduce at least a portion of the iron-containing feedstock to iron metal at a surface of the cathode and in a magnetic field of the source, and wherein the at least a portion of the iron-containing feedstock is electrochemically reduced to the iron metal at a current efficiency of at least 0.75, wherein the current efficiency is a ratio of charge used for the reduction of the iron-containing feedstock to a total charge provided to the cathode.
In an aspect, provided is an alkaline rechargeable battery comprising: i) a battery container sealed against the release of gas up to at least a threshold gas pressure, ii) a volume of an aqueous alkaline electrolyte at least partially filling the container to au electrolyte level; iii) a positive electrode containing positive active material and at least partially submerged in the electrolyte, iv) an iron negative electrode at least partially submerged in the electrolyte, the iron negative electrode comprising iron active material; v) a separator at least partially submerged in the electrolyte provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; vi) an auxiliary oxygen gas recombination electrode electrically connected to the iron negative electrode by a first electronic component, ionically connected to the electrolyte by a first some pathway, and exposed to a gas headspace above the electrolyte level by a first gas pathway.
H01M 4/58 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFySelection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
H01M 4/62 - Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
Methods and systems of the present disclosure are generally directed to switching operation of one or more electrochemical cells of an electrowinning plant between a charge mode and a discharge mode. In the charge mode, the one or more electrochemical cells may reduce metal from an oxidized state to a zero valence state with a first electric current applied across the one or more electrochemical cells. In the discharge mode, the one or more electrochemical cells may oxidize at least some of the metal from the zero valence state to the oxidized state to generate a second electric current, oppositely charged relative to the first electric current, to generate electricity (e.g., for delivery to the grid). Operation of the one or more electrochemical cells of the electrowinning plant may be selectively changed between the charge mode and the discharge mode based on, for example, availability/cost of electricity from the grid.
Methods and systems of the present disclosure are generally directed to switching operation of one or more electrochemical cells of an electrowinning plant between a charge mode and a discharge mode. In the charge mode, the one or more electrochemical cells may reduce metal from an oxidized state to a zero valence state with a first electric current applied across the one or more electrochemical cells. In the discharge mode, the one or more electrochemical cells may oxidize at least some of the metal from the zero valence state to the oxidized state to generate a second electric current, oppositely charged relative to the first electric current, to generate electricity (e.g., for delivery to the grid). Operation of the one or more electrochemical cells of the electrowinning plant may be selectively changed between the charge mode and the discharge mode based on, for example, availability/cost of electricity from the grid.
C25C 1/02 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of light metals
C25C 1/06 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese
C25C 1/08 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese of nickel or cobalt
C25C 1/10 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of iron group metals, refractory metals or manganese of chromium or manganese
C25C 1/12 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of copper
C25C 1/18 - Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of solutions of lead
C25C 7/00 - Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cellsServicing or operating of cells
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
A stationary hybrid battery back-up system incorporates two different battery units that differ in terms of recharging efficiency, cycle life, power capability, depth of discharge threshold, temperature threshold, internal impedance threshold, charger rate efficiency and/or stand-by efficiency. The battery back-up system of the present invention comprises an auxiliary power supply that can be used to charge the first and second batteries and/or provide power to a load. When the operating voltage of the system drops, due to a power failure of a power source, the control system may couple the first and/or second battery unit to a load. The control system may have voltage threshold limits wherein it engages the first and second battery units to support the load demand. The first and second battery units may be charge by the auxiliary power supply when the operating voltage is above a threshold level.
H01M 10/46 - Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
H02J 7/34 - Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
H02J 7/35 - Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
H02J 9/06 - Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over
A fuel electrode incorporates a first and second corrugated portion that are attached to each other at offset angles respect to their corrugation axis and therefore reinforce each other. A first corrugated portion may extend orthogonally with respect to a second corrugated portion. The first and second corrugated portions may be formed from metal wire and may therefore have a very high volumetric void fraction and a high surface area to volume ratio (sa/vol). In addition, the strands of the wire may be selected to enable high conductivity to the current collectors while maximizing the sa/vol. In addition, the shape of the corrugation, including the period distance, amplitude and geometry may be selected with respect to the stiffness requirements and electrochemical cell application factors. The first and second corrugated portions may be calendared or crushed to reduce thickness of the fuel electrode.
According to one aspect, a feedstock for fabricating an iron electrode of an electrochemical cell may include iron-containing particles of a first material, sulfide-containing particles of a second material different from the first material, and a barrier material different from each of the first material and the second material, the barrier material at least partially physically separating the sulfide-containing particles from the iron particles, the at least partial physical separation of the iron-containing particles from the sulfide-containing particles maintainable by the barrier material at temperatures at which iron in the iron-containing particles bonds in the solid state.
An electrochemical cell utilizes an air flow device that draws air through the cell from a scrubber that may be removed while the system is operating. The negative pressure generated by the air flow device allows ambient air to enter the cell housing when the scrubber is removed, thereby enabling continued operation without the scrubber. A moisture management system passes outflow air from the cell through a humidity exchange module that transfers moisture to the air inflow, thereby increasing the humidity of the air inflow. A recirculation feature comprising a valve allow a controller to recirculate at least a portion of the outflow air back into the inflow air. The system may comprise an inflow bypass conduit and valve that allows the humidified inflow air to pass into the cell inlet without passing through the scrubber. The scrubber may contain reversible or irreversible scrubber media.
H01M 4/38 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
H01M 8/04014 - Heat exchange using gaseous fluidsHeat exchange by combustion of reactants
H01M 8/04089 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
H01M 8/04119 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyteHumidifying or dehumidifying
H01M 8/0668 - Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
A carbon-oxygen battery system, including: a Boudouard reactor in fluid communication with an electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell has a CO/CO2 inlet, a CO/CO2 outlet, and an oxygen outlet, and wherein the CO/CO2 outlet is fluidly connected by a first stream to an inlet of the Boudouard reactor, and wherein the CO/CO2 inlet is fluidly connected by a second stream to an outlet of the Boudouard reactor, and a CO/CO2 tank fluidly connected to at least one of the first stream or the second stream.
H01M 8/0612 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
H01M 8/0668 - Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
H01M 8/12 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
H01M 8/1246 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
73.
FEEDSTOCKS AND METHODS FOR FABRICATION OF IRON ELECTRODES USING SULFIDE-CONTAINING PARTICLES
According to one aspect, a feedstock for fabricating an iron electrode of an electrochemical cell may include iron-containing particles of a first material, sulfide-containing particles of a second material different from the first material, and a barrier material different from each of the first material and the second material, the barrier material at least partially physically separating the sulfide-containing particles from the iron particles, the at least partial physical separation of the iron-containing particles from the sulfide-containing particles maintainable by the barrier material at temperatures at which iron in the iron-containing particles bonds in the solid state.
Physical and/or financial instruments may optimally hedge the cash flow of one or more renewable energy generators based on a desired risk and return profile of renewable infrastructure investors. Baseline revenues may be determined based on forward-looking electricity market price scenarios corresponding to qualified market products intended for sale from the renewable energy generators. Risk and return metrics of cash flows of the renewable energy generators may be determined. At least one physical hedge and/or financial hedge may be added. The size and operation of the renewable energy generators along with any physical hedges, or financial hedges, or both physical and financial hedges, may be optimized across multiple market price scenarios of qualified market products to optimize investor-tailored risk and return utility functions.
According to one aspect, an additive for an iron negative electrode of an alkaline electrochemical cell may include a powder of discrete granules including agglomerated particles, the agglomerated particles including at least one metal sulfide.
A direct reduction method to manufacture a direct reduced iron product 12 having a carbon content less than 1.8% by weight and a shaft furnace exit temperature lower than 65°C. A carbon-containing cooling gas 30 is introduced into the cooling zone 3 of the shaft furnace 1 with a flow rate higher than 800Nm3/ton of Direct Reduced Iron produced.
A direct reduction method to manufacture a direct reduced iron product 12 having a carbon content less than 1.8% by weight and a shaft furnace exit temperature lower than 65°C. A carbon-containing cooling gas 30 is introduced into the cooling zone 3 of the shaft furnace 1 with a flow rate higher than 800Nm3/ton of Direct Reduced Iron produced.
Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a battery including a rolling diaphragm configured to move to accommodate an internal volume change of one or more components of the battery. Systems and methods of the various embodiments may provide a battery housing including a rolling diaphragm seal disposed between an interior volume of the battery and an electrode assembly within the battery. Various embodiments may provide an air electrode assembly including an air electrode supported on a buoyant platform such that the air electrode is above a surface of a volume of electrolyte when the buoyant platform is floating in the electrolyte.
According to one aspect, an electrochemical cell may include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode from one another. The positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte may collectively store and discharge energy by an electrode reaction of chlorine dioxide (ClO2).
H01M 8/22 - Fuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising carbon or oxygen or hydrogen and other elementsFuel cells in which the fuel is based on materials comprising only elements other than carbon, oxygen or hydrogen
An iron-air battery including an iron electrode in contact with an anode current collector, wherein the iron electrode includes a plurality of channels; an oxygen reduction reaction electrode having a first surface facing the plurality of channels and an opposing second surface in contact with air; an oxygen evolution reaction electrode interdigitated with the plurality of channels of the iron electrode, wherein at least a portion of the oxygen evolution reaction electrode is disposed within the plurality of channels in a direction perpendicular to a plane of the oxygen reduction reaction electrode; and an electrolyte in contact with the iron electrode, the first surface of the oxygen reduction reaction electrode, the plurality of channels, and the oxygen evolution reaction electrode.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 4/52 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
H01M 50/138 - Primary casingsJackets or wrappings adapted for specific cells, e.g. electrochemical cells operating at high temperature
A carbon-oxygen battery system, including: a Boudouard reactor in fluid communication with an electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell has a CO/CO2 inlet, a CO/CO2 outlet, and an oxygen outlet, and wherein the CO/CO2 outlet is fluidly connected by a first stream to an inlet of the Boudouard reactor, and wherein the CO/CO2 inlet is fluidly connected by a second stream to an outlet of the Boudouard reactor; and a CO/CO2 tank fluidly connected to at least one of the first stream or the second stream.
H01M 8/04089 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
H01M 8/1246 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
An iron-air battery including an iron electrode in contact with an anode current collector, wherein the iron electrode includes a plurality of channels; an oxygen reduction reaction electrode having a first surface facing the plurality of channels and an opposing second surface in contact with air; an oxygen evolution reaction electrode interdigitated with the plurality of channels of the iron electrode, wherein at least a portion of the oxygen evolution reaction electrode is disposed within the plurality of channels in a direction perpendicular to a plane of the oxygen reduction reaction electrode; and an electrolyte in contact with the iron electrode, the first surface of the oxygen reduction reaction electrode, the plurality of channels, and the oxygen evolution reaction electrode.
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 4/86 - Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
A carbon-oxygen battery system, including: a Boudouard reactor in fluid communication with an electrochemical cell, wherein the electrochemical cell has a CO/CO2 inlet, a CO/CO2 outlet, and an oxygen outlet, and wherein the CO/CO2 outlet is fluidly connected by a first stream to an inlet of the Boudouard reactor, and wherein the CO/CO2 inlet is fluidly connected by a second stream to an outlet of the Boudouard reactor; and a CO/CO2 tank fluidly connected to at least one of the first stream or the second stream.
H01M 8/0612 - Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
H01M 8/1246 - Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
84.
SOLID STATE ADDITIVES FOR IRON NEGATIVE ELECTRODES
According to one aspect, an additive for an iron negative electrode of an alkaline electrochemical cell may include a powder of discrete granules including agglomerated particles, the agglomerated particles including at least one metal sulfide.
Systems, methods, and devices for gas management of metal-air batteries. Each one of a plurality of electrochemical cells may include at least one air electrode, a metal electrode, a vessel, and a liquid electrolyte between the at least one air electrode and the metal electrode in the vessel, with each one of the plurality of electrochemical cells defining a respective headspace above the liquid electrolyte in the vessel. A manifold may include ducting defining a shared vent and an outlet region, and the respective headspace of each one of the plurality of electrochemical cells may be fluidically coupled to the shared vent and in fluid communication with the outlet region of the ducting.
H01M 50/358 - External gas exhaust passages located on the battery cover or case
H01M 10/42 - Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 10/6563 - Gases with forced flow, e.g. by blowers
H01M 10/6569 - Fluids undergoing a liquid-gas phase change or transition, e.g. evaporation or condensation
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/209 - Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
A stationary hybrid battery back-up system incorporates two different battery units that differ in terms of recharging efficiency, cycle life, power capability, depth of discharge threshold, temperature threshold, internal impedance threshold, charger rate efficiency and/or stand-by efficiency. The battery back-up system of the present invention comprises an auxiliary power supply that can be used to charge the first and second batteries and/or provide power to a load. When the operating voltage of the system drops, due to a power failure of a power source, the control system may couple the first and/or second battery unit to a load. The control system may have voltage threshold limits wherein it engages the first and second battery units to support the load demand. The first and second battery units may be charge by the auxiliary power supply when the operating voltage is above a threshold level.
H01M 10/46 - Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
H02J 7/34 - Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering
H02J 7/35 - Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other DC sources, e.g. providing buffering with light sensitive cells
H02J 9/06 - Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over
Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments may provide control and/or sensing circuit configurations for electrochemical energy storage systems, such as metal-air battery systems. Various embodiments may include systems, methods, and devices supporting terminal switching between a charge cathode and a discharge cathode of a metal-air battery, bypass switching for the metal-air battery, and/or electrolyte low level detection for the metal-air battery.
H01M 10/42 - Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H02J 7/00 - Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
88.
CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRODE AND CELL COMPONENTS FOR METAL-AIR BATTERIES
According to an aspect, an electrochemical cell may include a vessel, at least two instances of an anode assembly, at least two instances of an oxygen evolution electrode (OEE), and a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). In the vessel, the GDE may be disposed between mirrored arrangements of the at least two instances of the OEE and the at least two instances of the anode assembly.
According to an aspect, an electrochemical cell may include a vessel, at least two instances of an anode assembly, at least two instances of an oxygen evolution electrode (OEE), and a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). In the vessel, the GDE may be disposed between mirrored arrangements of the at least two instances of the OEE and the at least two instances of the anode assembly.
According to one aspect, a power storage system may include an enclosure, and one or more modules disposed in the enclosure. Each of the one or more modules may include a plurality of electrochemical cells electrically coupled to one another, each one of the plurality of electrochemical cells including an oxygen evolution electrode (OEE), an anode, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), an electrolyte, and a vessel and, within the vessel, the OEE, the anode, and the GDE at least partially immersed in the electrolyte.
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/284 - MountingsSecondary casings or framesRacks, modules or packsSuspension devicesShock absorbersTransport or carrying devicesHolders with incorporated circuit boards, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB]
H01M 50/502 - Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteriesInterconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing
Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments may provide configurations for components of battery systems configured for thermal management. Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments may include a battery system with a plurality of metal-air batteries that each includes at least one air electrode, a metal electrode, a liquid electrolyte separating the at least one air electrode from the metal electrode, and a vessel including the liquid electrolyte. In various embodiments, the battery system may also include an air circulation system, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) unit, and/or a liquid cooling system.
Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments may provide control and/or sensing circuit configurations for electrochemical energy storage systems, such as metal-air battery systems. Various embodiments may include systems, methods, and devices supporting terminal switching between a charge cathode and a discharge cathode of a metal-air battery, bypass switching for the metal-air battery, and/or electrolyte low level detection for the metal-air battery.
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H02J 3/32 - Arrangements for balancing the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
93.
Thermal Management System Architecture for Metal Air Batteries
Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments may provide configurations for components of battery systems configured for thermal management. Systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments may include a battery system with a plurality of metal-air batteries that each includes at least one air electrode, a metal electrode, a liquid electrolyte separating the at least one air electrode from the metal electrode, and a vessel including the liquid electrolyte. In various embodiments, the battery system may also include an air circulation system, a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) unit, and/or a liquid cooling system.
According to one aspect, a power storage system may include an enclosure, and one or more modules disposed in the enclosure. Each of the one or more modules may include a plurality of electrochemical cells electrically coupled to one another, each one of the plurality of electrochemical cells including an oxygen evolution electrode (OEE), an anode, a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), an electrolyte, and a vessel and, within the vessel, the OEE, the anode, and the GDE at least partially immersed in the electrolyte.
H01M 50/507 - Interconnectors for connecting terminals of adjacent batteriesInterconnectors for connecting cells outside a battery casing comprising an arrangement of two or more busbars within a container structure, e.g. busbar modules
H01M 10/6556 - Solid parts with flow channel passages or pipes for heat exchange
H01M 10/6566 - Means within the gas flow to guide the flow around one or more cells, e.g. manifolds, baffles or other barriers
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 50/264 - MountingsSecondary casings or framesRacks, modules or packsSuspension devicesShock absorbersTransport or carrying devicesHolders with fastening means, e.g. locks for cells or batteries, e.g. straps, tie rods or peripheral frames
H01M 50/287 - Fixing of circuit boards to lids or covers
H01M 50/636 - Closing or sealing filling ports, e.g. using lids
95.
SOLID STATE ADDITIVES FOR IRON NEGATIVE ELECTRODES
According to one aspect, an additive for an iron negative electrode of an alkaline electrochemical cell may include a powder of discrete granules including agglomerated particles, the agglomerated particles including at least one metal sulfide.
According to one aspect, an additive for an iron negative electrode of an alkaline electrochemical cell may include a powder of discrete granules including agglomerated particles, the agglomerated particles including at least one metal sulfide.
An electrochemical cell utilizes an air flow device that draws air through the cell from a scrubber that may be removed while the system is operating. The negative pressure generated by the air flow device allows ambient air to enter the cell housing when the scrubber is removed, thereby enabling continued operation without the scrubber. A moisture management system passes outflow air from the cell through a humidity exchange module that transfers moisture to the air inflow, thereby increasing the humidity of the air inflow. A recirculation feature comprising a valve allow a controller to recirculate at least a portion of the outflow air back into the inflow air. The system may comprise an inflow bypass conduit and valve that allows the humidified inflow air to pass into the cell inlet without passing through the scrubber. The scrubber may contain reversible or irreversible scrubber media.
H01M 4/38 - Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
H01M 8/04007 - Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
H01M 8/04014 - Heat exchange using gaseous fluidsHeat exchange by combustion of reactants
H01M 8/04089 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
H01M 8/04119 - Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyteHumidifying or dehumidifying
H01M 8/0668 - Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
98.
REFUELABLE BATTERY SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND COMPONENTS
A metal-air battery including: a current collector; a metal electrode including a metal and contacting the current collector; an air electrode on the metal electrode and opposite the current collector; a solid electrolyte between the metal electrode and the air electrode; a discharge product of the metal on the air electrode; wherein the metal-air battery is configured to release the discharge product.
Systems, methods, and devices for gas management of metal-air batteries. Each one of a plurality of electrochemical cells may include at least one air electrode, a metal electrode, a vessel, and a liquid electrolyte between the at least one air electrode and the metal electrode in the vessel, with each one of the plurality of electrochemical cells defining a respective headspace above the liquid electrolyte in the vessel. A manifold may include ducting defining a shared vent and an outlet region, and the respective headspace of each one of the plurality of electrochemical cells may be fluidically coupled to the shared vent and in fluid communication with the outlet region of the ducting.
H01M 50/35 - Gas exhaust passages comprising elongated, tortuous or labyrinth-shaped exhaust passages
H01M 50/30 - Arrangements for facilitating escape of gases
H01M 12/06 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of the fuel-cell type and of a half-cell of the primary-cell type with one metallic and one gaseous electrode
H01M 12/08 - Hybrid cellsManufacture thereof composed of a half-cell of a fuel-cell type and a half-cell of the secondary-cell type
H01M 10/48 - Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
Systems, methods, and device of the various embodiments may support energy storage devices in which electrochemical oxidation and reduction of one or more redox-active oxyanions occurs during charging and/or discharging of the energy storage device.
