A method for improving the deposit control performance of a fuel comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the fuel. The additive may also be used for controlling deposits in a system which comprises the fuel, such as in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine.
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/00 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises naphtha in an amount of at least 5 % by volume, and an octane-boosting additive having the formula: (I) The well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions associated with the fuel composition are significantly lower than those associated with a conventional gasoline fuel of comparable performance.
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/02 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C10L 1/232 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
A method for reducing the tendency of a hydrocarbon fluid to oxidise comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the hydrocarbon fluid. The additive may also be used for protecting a system in which a hydrocarbon fluid is used from the effects of oxidation.
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C10M 133/40 - Six-membered ring containing nitrogen and carbon only
A method for preparing a refinery fuel composition having a target octane number, comprises: (i) blending fuel components in proportions which are designed to give a refinery fuel composition with an octane number which is greater than the target octane number by a margin of less than 1; and (ii) testing the octane number of the refinery fuel composition and, if the octane number falls below the target octane number, blending the refinery fuel composition with a non-metallic octane-boosting additive. A further method comprises: (a) passing a first refinery fuel composition comprising a non-metallic octane-boosting additive to a fuel handing system, and discharging the first refinery fuel composition from the fuel handing system; and (b) passing a second refinery fuel composition to the fuel handing system.
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C10L 1/06 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method is provided for preparing a compound ƒ. The method comprises carrying out the following reaction: (i), (ii), (iii) where: PG represents a protecting group, LG represents a leaving group, and L and L' are independently selected from OH and leaving groups, or L and L' together form a group selected from -O-C(O)-O- and -O-.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
An optimised method for preparing a fuel additive f is provided. The method comprises carrying out the following reaction: (c, d, e) Starting material c may be prepared using an optimised method which comprises carrying out the following reaction: (a, b, c)
C10L 1/24 - Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for preparing a substituted fuel additive d is provided. The method comprises carrying out the following reaction: (a) (b) (d), The fuel additive d may be used as an octane-boosting additive in a fuel for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine.
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
Methods for preparing an octane-boosting fuel additive having the following formula: are provided. In a first aspect, the method may comprise carrying out the following reaction: (i), (ii) In a second aspect, the method may comprise: (1) preparing the fuel additive; and (2) purifying the product of step (1) by: (a) dissolving the fuel additive in a water-insoluble solvent to form a solution; (b) washing the solution with water; and (c) separating the fuel additive product from the water-insoluble solvent using distillation. Steps (i) and (1) of the methods are carried out in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene.
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/183 - Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groupsSalts thereof at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for preparing a fuel additive d is provided. The method comprises carrying out the following reaction: (1) The fuel additive d may be used as an octane-boosting additive in a fuel for a spark, ignition internal combustion engine.
C10L 1/223 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method is provided for preparing a fuel additive having the formula: (1) The method comprises carrying out the following reactions: (i) addition of an alkylating agent b to starting material a: (a) to form an intermediate c; and (ii) ring closing intermediate c to form fuel additive e.
C07D 267/14 - Seven-membered rings having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
ddd) where: step (i) is carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst and a hydrogen source; and step (ii) is carried out at a temperature of at least 100 °C and in the presence of the same metal catalyst that was used in step (i) and an aprotic solvent system.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C07D 267/14 - Seven-membered rings having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C07D 267/14 - Seven-membered rings having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 4 condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
dd having the formula: (I). The method comprising carrying out the following one-pot reaction: (II) wherein step (i) is carried out in the presence of a solvent and step (ii) is carried out in the presence of the same solvent; or step (i) is carried out in the absence of a solvent and step (ii) is carried out in the presence of a solvent.
C07C 201/12 - Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
C07C 213/02 - Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions involving the formation of amino groups from compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
C07D 265/00 - Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
15.
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE USING A ROTATION SPEED OF A CRANKSHAFT
A method for controlling an operation of an internal combustion engine comprising a crankshaft, the method comprising: obtaining reference data corresponding to at least one reference rotation speed of the crankshaft, the reference data being associated with at least one reference characteristic of an operation of the engine; obtaining operation data corresponding to a rotation speed of the crankshaft; determining a measure of a similarity between the reference data and the operation data; estimating at least one operation characteristic of the operation of the engine, based on the determining; and triggering an action associated with the operation of the engine, based on the estimating.
F02P 5/04 - Advancing or retarding electric ignition sparkControl therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions
A method for preparing a substituted fuel additive d is provided. The method comprises carrying out the following reaction: (a) (b) (d), The fuel additive d may be used as an octane-boosting additive in a fuel for a spark- ignition internal combustion engine.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method is provided for preparing a fuel additive having the formula: ( l ) The method comprises carrying out the following reactions: (i) addition of an alkylating agent b to starting material a: (a) to form an intermediate c; and (ii) ring closing intermediate c to form fuel additive e.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
d313,1313 is selected from hydrogen, alkyl groups and alkali metals. L is selected from leaving groups and L' and L' is -XH or -XM, or both L and L' together form the group -O-C(O)-O-.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
Methods for preparing an octane-boosting fuel additive having the following formula: are provided. In a first aspect, the method may comprise carrying out the following reaction: (i), (ii) In a second aspect, the method may comprise: (1) preparing the fuel additive; and (2) purifying the product of step (1) by: (a) dissolving the fuel additive in a water-insoluble solvent to form a solution; (b) washing the solution with water; and (c) separating the fuel additive product from the water-insoluble solvent using distillation. Steps (i) and (1) of the methods are carried out in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for preparing a fuel additive d is provided. The method comprises carrying out the following reaction: (l) The fuel additive d may be used as an octane-boosting additive in a fuel for a spark, ignition internal combustion engine.
C07D 265/36 - 1,4-OxazinesHydrogenated 1,4-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings condensed with one six-membered ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
An additive composition for use in a fuel for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises an octane-boosting additive and one or more further fuel additives. The octane-boosting additive has a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon. The additive composition increases the octane number of the fuel, thereby proving the auto-ignition characteristics of a fuel.
C10L 1/23 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
A method for reducing the tendency of a hydrocarbon fluid to oxidise comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the hydrocarbon fluid. The additive may also be used for protecting a system in which a hydrocarbon fluid is used from the effects of oxidation.
C10L 1/232 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for preparing a refinery fuel composition having a target octane number, comprises: (i) blending fuel components in proportions which are designed to give a refinery fuel composition with an octane number which is greater than the target octane number by a margin of less than 1; and (ii) testing the octane number of the refinery fuel composition and, if the octane number falls below the target octane number, blending the refinery fuel composition with a non-metallic octane-boosting additive. A further method comprises: (a) passing a first refinery fuel composition comprising a non-metallic octane- boosting additive to a fuel handing system, and discharging the first refinery fuel composition from the fuel handing system; and (b) passing a second refinery fuel composition to the fuel handing system.
C10L 1/232 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 1/06 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for improving the deposit control performance of a fuel comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the fuel. The additive may also be used for controlling deposits in a system which comprises the fuel, such as in a spark- ignition internal combustion engine.
C10L 1/232 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon. The additive increases the octane number of the fuel, thereby improving the auto-ignition characteristics of the fuel.
C10L 1/23 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for preparing a fuel composition which comprises a base fuel, an oxygenate and an octane-boosting additive comprises: blending an additised oxygenate with a base fuel, wherein the additised oxygenate comprises an oxygenate and an octane-boosting additive. The method enables suitable amounts of octane-boosting additives to be incorporated into a fuel composition, whilst enabling fuels having a range of properties to be prepared.
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
A method for improving the ferrous corrosion-preventing characteristics of a fuel comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6-or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6-or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6-or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the fuel. The additive may also be used for preventing ferrous corrosion in a system which comprises a fuel, such as a fuel system in a vehicle.
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/04 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
C10L 1/232 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
C10L 1/23 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for reducing the propensity of a fuel to form an emulsion comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the fuel. Thus, the additive may be used as a demulsifier in a fuel.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for improving the ferrous corrosion-preventing characteristics of a fuel comprises combining an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7- membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7- membered heterocyclic ring being carbon with the fuel. The additive may also be used for preventing ferrous corrosion in a system which comprises a fuel, such as a fuel system in a vehicle.
C10L 1/232 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/04 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A method for preparing a fuel composition which comprises a base fuel, an oxygenate and an octane-boosting additive comprises: blending an additised oxygenate with a base fuel, wherein the additised oxygenate comprises an oxygenate and an octane-boosting additive. The method enables suitable amounts of octane-boosting additives to be incorporated into a fuel composition, whilst enabling fuels having a range of properties to be prepared.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon. The additive increases the octane number of the fuel, thereby improving the auto-ignition characteristics of the fuel.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
A fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises a non-metallic octane-boosting additive. The non-metallic octane-boosting additive is an additive which, when used at a treat rate of 0.67 % by weight, increases the research octane number of a fuel by at least 1.8 whilst maintaining the T90 and/or the vapour pressure.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
An additive composition for use in a fuel for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises an octane-boosting additive and one or more further fuel additives. The octane-boosting additive has a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon. The additive composition increases the octane number of the fuel, thereby improving the auto-ignition characteristics of a fuel.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
37.
Methods and uses for controlling deposits on valves in direct-injection spark-ignition engines
The use as a valve deposit controlling additive in a fuel composition for a direct injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine of a combination of: a) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b) at least one polyalkylene amine.
The use as a piston varnish controlling additive in a fuel composition for a spark- ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine. The fuel composition may also be used for controlling power output, fuel economy, engine wear, piston ring sticking and blow-by.
C10L 1/238 - Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
C10L 1/2383 - Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof
C10L 10/04 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
C10L 10/18 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups
C10L 10/08 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricityUse of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing wear
39.
METHODS AND USES FOR CONTROLLING SLUDGE IN ENGINES
The use as a sludge controlling additive in a fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine. The fuel composition may also be used for maintaining oil pathways and/or lubrication in an engine.
An additive composition, on use in a fuel in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, controls the formation of sludge and piston varnish. When used in a direct injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine, particulate emissions and deposit formation on intake valves may also be controlled. When used in a port fuel injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine, the port fuel injection valve deposits may be reduced. The additive composition comprises a polyalkylene amine and a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxyaromatic compound. The additive compositions may be present in a fuel composition.
The use as a particulate emissions and/or a complex poly-aromatic nuclei (CPAN) controlling additive in a fuel composition for a direct-injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a compression-ignition gasoline internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. a hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. a polyalkylene amine.
C10L 1/238 - Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
C10L 1/2383 - Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof
C10L 10/02 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
C10L 10/18 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups
C10L 10/08 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricityUse of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing wear
42.
AVIATION GASOLINE COMPOSITION, ITS PREPARATION AND USE
An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C4 or C5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol% iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180 °C and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol.% based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 °C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C4 or C5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.
The use as a valve deposit controlling additive in a fuel composition for a direct injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine of a combination of: a) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b) at least one polyalkylene amine.
The use as an intake valve deposit clean-up additive in a fuel composition for a port fuel injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine or a fuel injector deposit clean-up additive in a fuel composition for a direct injection spark-ignition internal combustion engine of a combination of: a. at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic compound; and b. at least one polyalkylene amine.
A modified zeolite catalyst derived from a zeolite of a structural type which consists of a one-dimensional micropore structure of channels made from rings containing between 8 and 12 silicon/aluminum atoms is disclosed. It consists substantially of a plurality of crystallites having additional mesoporosity whose volume is in the range 0.09 to 0.25 cc/g as mentioned by nitrogen adsorption at 77° K and calculated by the BJH method. The mesoporosity may be introduced into the crystallites by e.g. treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide at a pH at 25° C. in excess of 8 for an extended period at elevated temperature. The catalyst shows improved resistance to catalyst deactivation and greater selectivity to higher hydrocarbons when used to e.g. oligomerize light alkenes e.g. propene or the butenes.
B01J 29/70 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups
B01J 29/72 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
B01J 29/78 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
C01B 39/02 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereofDirect preparation thereofPreparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactantsAfter-treatment thereof
C07C 1/20 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms
C10G 50/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation
A modified zeolite catalyst derived from a zeolite of a structural type which consists of a one-dimensional micropore structure of channels made from rings containing between 8 and 12 silicon/aluminium atoms is disclosed. It consists substantially of a plurality of crystallites having additional mesoporosity whose volume is in the range 0.09 to 0.25 ml3g-1 as measured by nitrogen absorption at 77ºK and calculated by the BJH method. The mesoporosity may be introduced into the crystallites by e.g. treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide at a pH at 25ºC in excess of 8 for an extended period at elevated temperature. The catalyst shows improved resistance to catalyst deactivation and greater selectivity to higher hydrocarbons when used to e.g. oligomerize light alkenes e.g. propene or the butenes.
B01J 29/70 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups
Disclosed is a process for producing a hydrocarbon fraction rich in components boiling in the range typical for diesel fuel comprising contacting a feedstock comprising one or more C2 to C10 alkenes with a modified zeolite catalyst having a one-dimensional micropore structure consisting of channels made from rings containing between 8 and 12 silicon/aluminium atoms at a temperature in the range 100 to 5000C and pressure in the range 0.1 to 200 bar characterised in that the modified zeolite catalyst is one which has been prepared by treating a corresponding zeolite precursor with an alkaline solution. The alkaline solution used to treat the zeolite precursor can be for example aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Relative to equivalent untreated zeolites the modified zeolite catalysts described show improved catalyst life and selectivity to hydrocarbons boiling in the range 250 to 3500C.
C10G 50/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation
B01J 29/70 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups
A process for regenerating coked particles, which process comprises contacting a hydrocarbon feedstock with solid particles in a reaction zone to produce coked particles, which coked particles are transferred to a regeneration zone in which they are contacted with steam to produce hydrogen and at least one or more oxides of carbon, wherein the solid particles comprise one or more of the following components: (i) an aluminosilicate zeolite comprising one or more of Mn, Ti and Zn; (ii) a Ce-containing aluminosilicate zeolite with a Ce loading of at least 0.05wt% and/or a molar ratio of total other rare earth elements : Ce in the range of from 0:1 to 5:1; (iii) a magnesium and aluminium-containing anionic clay; (iv) a material with the Perovskite structure.
C10G 11/18 - Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised bed" technique
C10G 11/05 - Crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
A method for the purification of a middle distillate fuel composition, for example jet fuel composition, contaminated with at least one fatty acid alkyl ester which process comprises contacting the fuel composition with a silica adsorbent to adsorb at least a portion of the fatty acid alkyl ester on the silica adsorbent and thereby to reduce the total concentration of fatty acid alkyl esters in the middle distillate fuel composition.
A filter device for removing particles from a liquid in which the device comprises a cylindrical vessel through which the liquid to be filtered may be passed, the filter device being a magnetic filter device having one or more magnets suspended in the vessel, an inlet to allow liquid to flow into the vessel and an outlet to allow the liquid to flow out of the vessel, in which the vessel has a longitudinal axis and in use is positioned with said axis generally horizontal, and in which the vessel has a continuously varying internal bore which provides a low point drain.
A magnetic filter device and method for using same, for removing ferromagnetic particles from a liquid, which device comprises a vessel having an inlet for liquid to flow into the vessel and an outlet for the liquid to flow out of the vessel, and the vessel having one or more magnets suspended therein for removing ferromagnetic particles from liquid flowing between the inlet and outlet, characterised in that: the vessel is a horizontal pipe with the inlet at one end and the outlet at the other end, the magnets are suspended transverse to the longitudinal axis of the pipe in one or more sets, and the vessel has one or more helical flow generators which in use, generate helical flow of the liquid as it flows between the inlet and outlet, and/or one or more turbulent flow generators which in use, generate turbulent flow of the liquid as it flows between the inlet and outlet. The helical and/or turbulent flow of the liquid may mitigate the potential problems of liquid and/or particles by-passing the magnet or magnets, for example arising from laminar flow of the liquid and/or uneven distribution of particles in the liquid.
The invention relates to a process for producing ethane comprising contacting methane with a metal catalyst selected from metal hydrides, organometallic compounds, organometallic hydrides and metal clusters, in a reaction zone and forming a reaction mixture comprising ethane and hydrogen, the reaction zone comprising a membrane reactor equipped with a selective hydrogen-permeable membrane. It also relates to the use of such a membrane reactor for activating the metal catalyst to reach its maximum activity during the initial reaction phase in the process for converting methane into ethane. The membrane can be selected from microporous inorganic membranes and dense inorganic membranes preferably chosen from metallic, ceramic or cermet (ceramic-metal) membranes, preferably from palladium and/or palladium alloy membranes and from proton-conducting ceramic membranes. One of the main advantages of the process relates to the methane conversion rate which very quickly reaches an extremely high maximum during the initial reaction phase of the conversion, so that the global methane conversion rate is very high, while maintaining a very high selectivity for ethane.
C07C 2/76 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
53.
SOLID METAL COMPOUND, PREPARATIONS AND USES THEREOF
CPE LYON FORMATION CONTINUE ET RECHERCHE SAS (France)
Inventor
Basset, Jean-Marie
Merle, Nicolas
Stoffelbach, Francois
Taoufik, Mostafa
Thivolle-Cazat, Jean
Abstract
The invention relates to a solid metal compound comprising (i) a solid support comprising aluminium oxide, (ii) at least one first metal compound (C1) selected from metal hydrides, organometallic compounds and organometallic hydrides, and comprising a metal (M1) selected from the lanthanides, the actinides and the metals of Groups 4 to 7 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, and (iii) at least one second metal compound (C2) comprising a metal (M2) selected from the metals of Groups 8 to 10 of said Table. The compounds (Cl) and (C2) are preferably supported on, particularly grafted onto the solid support. The invention also relates to processes for preparing the solid metal compound, preferably comprising stage (1) comprising dispersing and preferably grafting (i) an organometallic precursor (Pr1) comprising the metal (M1) and (ii) a precursor (Pr2) comprising the metal (M2) onto the support, so as to produce the solid metal compound, and preferably stage (2) comprising contacting the solid metal compound thus obtained with hydrogen and/or a reducing agent. The invention also relates to the use of the solid metal compound in processes comprising hydrocarbon reactions optionally in the presence of hydrogen, and preferably involving the splitting and recombining of carbon-carbon and/or carbon-hydrogen and/or carbon-metal bonds, so as to produce final hydrocarbons different from the starting ones. The solid metal compound can be used in processes comprising alkane and/or alkene metathesis, non-oxidative methane coupling, alkene oligomerisation, methane-olysis of hydrocarbons, cross-metathesis and hydrogenolysis of hydrocarbons, e.g. saturated hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon polymers/oligomers or waxes, in the presence of hydrogen.
B01J 31/12 - Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
B01J 37/02 - Impregnation, coating or precipitation
B01J 37/18 - Reducing with gases containing free hydrogen
C07C 6/10 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond in hydrocarbons containing no six-membered aromatic rings
C07C 6/12 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring
A wafer (1) comprising an array of channels (2), from which wafer (1) a plurality of optical cells (4) can be produced, each having a channel (2) with an opening into which a sample fluid can be fed, which optical cells (4) are suitable for use in optical analysis employing one or more wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), and which comprise a material that is at least partially transparent to the EMR employed in the optical analysis, which channels (2) are disposed within each cell such that a sample fluid can be fed therein, and can be irradiated with EMR directed through the at least partially transparent material, characterised by the wafer (1) and optical cells (4) having an inner layer and one or more outer layers, the inner layer (8) comprising the channels (2) of the optical cells (4), and one of the outer layers (a, 10) comprising a reflecting surface (27), such that when an optical cell is in use, EMR transmitted through sample fluid (22) in the channel (2) is reflected back through the sample fluid (22).
A method of optically analysing a sample, which method comprises directing one or more frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) through a sample and onto a partially reflective surface (9) that allows EMR (6) directed thereon to be both reflected.and transmitted, which reflected EMR (12) is directed back through the sample such that the pathlength through the sample is different for the transmitted EMR (10) and reflected EMR (12), which transmitted EMR and reflected EMR are both detected by one or more detectors (11,15), characterised in that the optical absorbance of the sample at the one or more wavelengths of EMR is calculated from the difference between the transmitted EMR (10) and reflected EMR (12).
G01N 21/35 - Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
A sample plate, portable analysis apparatus and method of analysing sulphur and/or nitrogen compounds in a sample fluid, the method comprising feeding a sample fluid to a sample plate having a sample inlet, a reaction zone, an analysis zone, and at least one separation zone, the sample plate being adapted to allow; (a) a sample fluid to be fed to the sample plate through the inlet to the reaction zone or optionally to a separation zone, which separation zone separates the sample fluid into two or more fractions at least one of which is fed to the reaction zone; (b) a reactant to be fed to the reaction zone; (c) the reaction zone to be maintained under conditions that enable reaction to occur between the reactant and the sample fluid or fraction thereof to produce a product fluid; and (d) transfer of the product fluid to the analysis zone or optionally to a separation zone in which the product fluid is separated into two or more fractions, at least one of which is transferred to the analysis zone.
A sample plate for a portable analysis apparatus for analysis of a solid precipitated from a fluid sample, which sample plate comprises a sample inlet, a precipitation zone, a filter and an analysis zone, the sample plate being adapted to allow: (i) a fluid sample to be fed through the sample inlet into the precipitation zone; (ii) a precipitant to be fed to the precipitation zone; (iii) conditions within the precipitation zone to be maintained such that precipitation occurs when the fluid sample and precipitant mix to form a suspension; (iv) separation of the solid in the suspension by the filter; (v) addition of a solvent to the filter to dissolve the solid and form a solution; and (vi) analysis of the solution in the analysis zone.
G01N 31/02 - Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroupsApparatus specially adapted for such methods using precipitation
The invention relates to a process for converting ethane into liquid mixture of (C4+) alkanes having 4 carbon atoms and more, preferably (C5+) alkanes having 5 carbon atoms and more. The process comprises a stage (1) comprising simultaneous ethane self- and cross-metathesis reactions carried out by contacting ethane with a metal catalyst (C1) capable of producing, in contact with alkane, reactions involving the splitting and recombining of C-C and/or C-H and/or C-metal bonds, so as to form a reaction mixture (Ml) comprising methane and a mixture of the (C4+), preferably the (C5+) alkanes, a stage (2) comprising separating and isolating methane from the reaction mixture (Ml), a stage (3) comprising a non-oxidative methane coupling reaction carried out by contacting the methane thus isolated with a metal catalyst (C2) capable of producing, in contact with alkane, reactions involving the splitting and recombining of C-C and/or C-H and/or C- metal bonds, said catalyst (C2) being identical to or different from the catalyst (Cl), so as to form a mixture (M2) comprising ethane and hydrogen, optionally a stage (4) comprising separating and isolating ethane from the mixture (M2), a stage (5) comprising recycling the ethane thus isolated or the mixture (M2) into stage (1) for going on with the simultaneous ethane self- and cross-metathesis reactions and continuing forming said reaction mixture (Ml), and a stage (6) comprising separating and isolating the mixture of the (C4+), preferably the (C5+) alkanes in a liquid form, stage (6) being preferably performed in combination and particularly simultaneously with stage (2).
C07C 6/10 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond in hydrocarbons containing no six-membered aromatic rings
C07C 9/10 - Acyclic saturated hydrocarbons with one to four carbon atoms with four carbon atoms
C07C 9/14 - Acyclic saturated hydrocarbons with five to fifteen carbon atoms
C10G 50/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation
C07C 2/76 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation of hydrocarbons with partial elimination of hydrogen
A lock assembly (14), for incorporation in a fuel dispensing nozzle (10) having a trigger mechanism (12) operable to allow selective dispensing of fuel through the nozzle, the lock assembly comprising a lock member (16) mountable in a fuel dispensing nozzle for movement between active and inactive positions relative to a trigger mechanism of the nozzle to selectively inhibit operation of the trigger mechanism, the lock member being coupled to an actuator (24) to effect movement of the lock member, the actuator comprising an actuator body (32) shaped to abut a filling neck of a petrol fuel tank in order to move the actuator and effect movement of the lock member from an active position to an inactive position. The lock assembly may be incorporated in a fuel dispensing nozzle and used to prevent or at least mitigate the possibility of mis-fueling.
B67D 7/48 - Filling nozzles automatically closing when liquid in container to be filled reaches a predetermined level by making use of air suction through an opening closed by the rising liquid
B67D 7/54 - Filling nozzles with means for preventing escape of liquid or vapour or for recovering escaped liquid or vapour
A valve (8), for incorporation in a fuel dispensing nozzle (20), comprises a valve seat (14) which lies within a fluid conduit (16), a sealing member (12) that is moveable between a first inoperative position which is spaced from the valve seat to allow fluid to flow through the fluid conduit and a second operative position which is in sealing engagement with the valve seat to prevent fluid flow through the fluid conduit, and an actuator (28) that is moveably coupled to the fluid conduit so as to be moveable between a first passivt' position in which it allows movement of the sealing member between the first and second positions, and a second active position in which it prevents movement of the sealing member between the first and second positions. The valve may be incorporated in a fuel dispensing nozzle and may be used to prevent or at least mitigate the possibility of mis-fueling.
B67D 7/34 - Means for preventing unauthorised delivery of liquid
B67D 7/48 - Filling nozzles automatically closing when liquid in container to be filled reaches a predetermined level by making use of air suction through an opening closed by the rising liquid
B67D 7/54 - Filling nozzles with means for preventing escape of liquid or vapour or for recovering escaped liquid or vapour
A valve (12), for incorporation in a fuel dispensing nozzle (10), comprising: a fluid conduit (16); a sealing member (14) moveable between a first active position in which it closes the fluid conduit (16) to prevent fluid flow therethrough and a second inactive position in which the fluid conduit is open to permit fluid flow therethrough, and an actuator' (30) moveably coupled to the fluid conduit so as to be moveable between first and second positions, the actuator being engaged with the sealing member such that movement of the actuator between the first and second positions causes corresponding movement of the sealing member between the first active position and the second inactive position, the actuator being biased towards the first position and comprising an actuator body shaped to abut a filling neck of a petrol fuel tank in order to move.the actuator from the first position to the second position. The valve and/or actuator may be incorporated in a- fuel dispensing nozzle and used to prevent or at least mitigate the possibility of mis-fueling.
B67D 7/34 - Means for preventing unauthorised delivery of liquid
B67D 7/48 - Filling nozzles automatically closing when liquid in container to be filled reaches a predetermined level by making use of air suction through an opening closed by the rising liquid
B67D 7/54 - Filling nozzles with means for preventing escape of liquid or vapour or for recovering escaped liquid or vapour
System and method for predicting the rate of deterioration of a first and optionally further items of process equipment, which first item of process equipment receives an inlet stream and discharges one or more outlet streams which are optionally fed to one or more further items of process equipment, which first and optional further items of process equipment are subject to deterioration by one or more deterioration mechanisms, which inlet stream comprises a feedstock or derivative thereof; wherein the method comprises the steps of; (a) obtaining values of one or more properties of the feedstock, (b) calculating a predicted rate of deterioration by the one or more deterioration mechanisms for each item of process equipment from the values of one or more of the feedstock properties; and (c) providing an output comprising the predicted rate of deterioration for each item of process equipment; and the system comprises a data processor adapted to receive values of one or more properties of the feedstock, to calculate predicted rates of deterioration by the one or more deterioration mechanisms for the first and optionally further items of process equipment from the values of one or more of the feedstock properties, and to provide an output comprising information relating to the predicted rates of deterioration by the one or more deterioration mechanisms for the first and optionally further items of process equipment.
The present invention relates to a process for converting methane into a higher alkane mixture, preferably a liquid alkane mixture, comprising (C3+) alkanes having 3 carbon atoms and more, preferably (C4+) alkanes having 4 carbon atoms, especially (C5+) alkanes having 5 carbon atoms and more. The process comprises: - a stage (1) comprising contacting methane with a metal catalyst (C1) capable of producing, in contact with alkane, reactions involving the splitting and recombining of C-C and/or C-H and/or C-metal bonds, so as to form by a non-oxidative methane coupling reaction a mixture (M1) comprising ethane and hydrogen, - preferably a stage (2) comprising fractionating the mixture (M1) so as to separate and to isolate the ethane, and - a stage (3) comprising, preferably simultaneously, (i) contacting the mixture (M1) or preferably the ethane isolated in stage (2) with a metal catalyst (C2) capable of producing, in contact with alkane, reactions involving the splitting and recombining of C-C and/or C-H and/or C-metal bonds, said catalyst being identical to or different from catalyst (C1), so as to form by simultaneous ethane self- and cross-metathesis reactions a mixture (M2) comprising methane and the higher alkane mixture, and (ii) fractionating the mixture (M2) so as to separate and to isolate said higher alkane mixture, preferably in liquid form, and particularly the methane which is preferably recycled into stage (1). The hydrogen produced in stage (1) is preferably separated and isolated in stage (2) and then used for various applications and stages, e.g. for producing thermal and/or electrical energies preferably employed to run the process.
C07C 6/10 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond in hydrocarbons containing no six-membered aromatic rings
The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing neohexene, comprising contacting isobutene with a supported catalyst comprising a tungsten compound chosen from tungsten hydrides, organometallic tungsten compounds and organometallic tungsten hydrides, and a support comprising an oxide of aluminium, so as to form a reaction mixture comprising neohexene, and preferably separating neohexene from the reaction mixture, so as to isolate it. The contacting leads to the direct production of neohexene, in particular in a single (reaction) stage and with a high molar selectivity for neohexene. The contacting can be performed at a temperature of 50 to 600 °C, under a total absolute pressure of 0.01 to 100 MPa.
A process control system and a method for detecting abnormal events in a process, the process comprising one or more independent and one or more dependent variables a means for measuring values of the dependent and independent variables, and a multivariable predictive control means capable of calculating predicted values of the one or more dependent variables from the measured values of the one or more independent variables using a predictive model, which method comprises performing principal components analysis on the residual values of the one or more dependent variables, the residual values being calculated from the difference between the predicted and measured dependent variable values.
A process for hydrogenating a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof comprising feeding a carboxylic acid or derivative thereof and hydrogen to a reactor, maintaining conditions therein such that hydrogen reacts with the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof to a product stream comprising one or more hydrocarbons and one or more oxides of carbon, feeding the product stream to a flash separator, wherein a vapour fraction comprising the one or more oxides of carbon is separated form a liquid fraction comprising the one or more hydrocarbons, wherein the concentration of carbon oxides in the flash separator is at or below a predetermined value.
C07C 1/22 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by reduction
C07C 1/24 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by elimination of water
C10G 3/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
A process comprising reacting hydrogen and a reaction composition comprising a carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof in a reactor to produce a reaction composition comprising one or more C1 compounds selected from one or more of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), and one or more product hydrocarbons derived from the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof, wherein the molar ratio of C1 compounds produced by the reaction to the carboxylate groups present in the carboxylic acid and/or derivative thereof in the reaction composition is maintained above a value of 0,37 : 1.
C07C 1/22 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by reduction
C07C 1/24 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon starting from organic compounds containing only oxygen atoms as hetero atoms by elimination of water
C10G 3/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
B01J 8/00 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes
A process for the production of a hydrocarbon comprises reacting methanol, dimethyl ether, methyl acetate or mixtures thereof, with an olefin in the presence of methyl halide and/or hydrogen halide and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of ruthenium carbonyl halides, osmium carbonyl halides and mixtures thereof.
C07C 2/86 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by condensation between a hydrocarbon and a non-hydrocarbon
69.
METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF OIL AND/OR GAS FIELD WASTE AND BY PRODUCT MATERIALS
The present invention relates to a process for preparing 2,3-dimethylbutane which comprises contacting in a reaction zone isobutane with a supported catalyst comprising a tungsten hydride and a support comprising an aluminium oxide, so as to form a reaction mixture comprising 2,3-dimethylbutane. The contacting essentially leads to performing a metathesis reaction of the isobutane, with a very high specificity in the formation of 2,3- dimethylbutane. The catalyst is preferably a tungsten hydride grafted onto a support based on aluminium oxide. The support can be chosen from aluminium oxides, mixed aluminium oxides and modified aluminium oxides. The reaction mixture can be isolated and preferably subjected to one or more fractionating operations in order to recover 2,3- dimethylbutane and optionally one or more other components of the reaction mixture, such as C5+ alkanes. The process can comprise isolating from the reaction mixture the C5+ alkanes including 2,3-dimethylbutane as a single component, which can be blended with gasoline to enhance the gasoline octane number, or be used as a gasoline blendstock. At least one separated fraction containing 2,3-dimethylbutane can be isolated from the single component, which can be blended with gasoline to enhance the gasoline octane number, or be used as a gasoline blendstock.
C07C 6/10 - Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond in hydrocarbons containing no six-membered aromatic rings
A process for the production of a fuel composition comprising hydrocarbons derived from carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic acid esters, which process comprises feeding hydrogen and a hydrocarbon-containing stream to a first reactor to reduce levels of olefins and/or heteroatom-containing compounds in the hydrocarbon-containing stream, and feeding the so-treated hydrocarbon-containing stream to a second reactor together with hydrogen and a carboxylic acid and/or ester to produce a second hydrocarbon-containing stream in which at least some of the hydrocarbons are derived from the carboxylic acid and/or ester.
A sample plate for use with a portable apparatus containing at least two different analytical devices, said plate (1) comprising (i) a receiver (2) for a fluid to be analysed; (ii) at least two fluidic channels (6, 7) each adapted to transfer a portion of said fluid or a component or reaction product thereof from said receiver (2) to one of said analytical devices contained in said associated portable analysis apparatus; (iii) at least one sensor (13) capable of responding to a physical or chemical property of said fluid or a component or reaction product thereof, and/or at least one sample cell (14) for containing a sample of said fluid or a component or reaction product thereof for spectroscopic or optical analysis; and (iv) at least one additional fluidic channel (11, 12) adapted to transfer a portion of said fluid or a component or reaction product thereof from said receiver to said at least one sensor (13) and/or sample cell (14).
Process for isomerising a hydrocarbon feed containing at least C7 hydrocarbons, comprising steps of (a) in a separation column separating the feed into a heavy fraction comprising hydrocarbons having higher boiling point than n-heptane, an intermediate fraction being rich in n-heptane and/or mono-branched iso-heptanes and a light fraction being rich in multi-branched iso-heptanes; (b) withdrawing continuously from the separation column a portion of the intermediate fraction being rich in n- heptane and/or mono-branched iso-heptanes; (c) introducing the withdrawn portion into an isomerisation reactor and isomerising at isomerisation conditions the portion in presence of an isomerisation catalyst and a gas stream being rich in hydrogen; (d) withdrawing from the isomerisation reactor an isomerised effluent stream being enriched in multi-branched iso- heptanes together with cracked hydrocarbons and hydrogen; (e) purging the cracked hydrocarbons and hydrogen from the isomerised effluent to obtain a stabilised reactor effluent; (f) recycling and introducing the stabilised reactor effluent into the separation column; and (g) withdrawing from the separation column a top product being rich in multi-branched C7 isomers.
C10G 45/58 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour pointSelective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
73.
AVIATION GASOLINE COMPOSITION, ITS PREPARATION AND USE
An aviation gasoline composition comprising an impure iso-octane fraction, at least one xylene and at least one C4 or C5 alkane, wherein the impure iso-octane fraction in said composition is a fraction comprising at least 90 mol% iso-octane and having a final boiling point of at least 180 °C and is present in the composition in an amount in the range of from 30 to 80 vol.% based on the composition, the composition is substantially free of any lead compounds, the composition has a motor octane number of at least 94 and the composition has a final boiling point of at most 170 °C. The composition of the present invention may be made by blending together an impure iso-octane fraction, xylene, at least one C4 or C5 alkane, optionally ethyl tertiary butyl ether, and optionally methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and may be used in a spark ignition aviation engine, either alone or in combination with methanol or a methanol and water mixture.
A fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises a non-metallic octane-boosting additive. The non-metallic octane-boosting additive is an additive which, when used at a treat rate of 0.67 % by weight, increases the research octane number of a fuel by at least 1.8 whilst maintaining the T90 and/or the vapour pressure.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
Disclosed is a process for producing a hydrocarbon fraction rich in components boiling in the range typical for diesel fuel comprising contacting a feedstock comprising one or more C2 to C10 alkenes with a modified zeolite catalyst having a one-dimensional micropore structure consisting of channels made from rings containing between 8 and 12 silicon/aluminium atoms at a temperature in the range 100 to 5000C and pressure in the range 0.1 to 200 bar characterised in that the modified zeolite catalyst is one which has been prepared by treating a corresponding zeolite precursor with an alkaline solution. The alkaline solution used to treat the zeolite precursor can be for example aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Relative to equivalent untreated zeolites the modified zeolite catalysts described show improved catalyst life and selectivity to hydrocarbons boiling in the range 250 to 3500C.
B01J 29/70 - Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups
C10G 50/00 - Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from lower carbon number hydrocarbons, e.g. by oligomerisation
A fuel composition for a spark-ignition internal combustion engine comprises an additive having a chemical structure comprising a 6-membered aromatic ring sharing two adjacent aromatic carbon atoms with a 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring, the 6- or 7-membered saturated heterocyclic ring comprising a nitrogen atom directly bonded to one of the shared carbon atoms to form a secondary amine and an atom selected from oxygen or nitrogen directly bonded to the other shared carbon atom, the remaining atoms in the 6- or 7-membered heterocyclic ring being carbon. The additive increases the octane number of the fuel, thereby improving the auto-ignition characteristics of the fuel.
C10L 1/02 - Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
C10L 1/233 - Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles
C10L 10/10 - Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
patents
