Abstract

An apparatus for testing corrosiveness of liquid feedstock includes a feed preparation section (A) for pre-treating the liquid feedstock; a feed treatment section (B) downstream of the feed preparation section (A) for treating the pre-treated liquid feedstock at elevated temperature; a separation section (C) downstream of the feed treatment section (B) for separating a liquid portion from a vaporous portion at a temperature lower than the elevated temperature of the feed treatment section (B); a product analysis section (D) downstream of the separation section for analysing the amount of corrosive species in the liquid portion ; and one or more corrosion coupons (1-9). The corrosion coupons (1-9) are placed into one or more of the feed preparation section (A), the feed treatment section (B), the separation section (C) or the product analysis section (D) such that the corrosion coupons are in contact with the liquid feedstock during operation.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01N 17/04 - Corrosion probes

Abstract

An apparatus for in situ producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for laboratory use comprises a feed preparation section (A) for pre-treating a liquid feedstock with organic sulfur containing components; a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production section (B) downstream of the feed preparation section (A) for producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the organic sulfur containing components at elevated temperature; a separation section (C) downstream of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production section (B) for separating a vaporous portion of the liquid feedstock from a liquid portion at a temperature lower than the elevated temperature of section (B); a product analysis section (D) downstream of the separation section for analysing the amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the vaporous portion; a plurality of feeding lines for conveying the liquid feedstock; and a direct feeding line (E) from the separation section (C) for directly introducing the vaporous portion of the liquid feedstock into the laboratory setup.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 17/16 - Hydrogen sulfides

Abstract

A process for reducing the benzene content of a light reformate refinery stream comprises the following steps: a) reducing the benzene content by exposing the light reformate to hydrogenation conditions in a benzene-saturation reactor bed, b) increasing the octane number of the hydrogenated light reformate produced in step a) by exposing it to isomerization conditions, c) further reducing the benzene content by exposing the light reformate refinery stream to further hydrogenation conditions, wherein the isomerization of step b) occurs after step a), the hydrogenation of step c) does not precede the isomerization step b), and steps a), b) and c) are all carried out within the same reactor.

IPC Classes  ?

• C10G 65/08 - Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps at least one step being a hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons
• C10G 45/52 - Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• C10G 45/54 - Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• C10G 45/62 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour pointSelective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
• C10G 45/64 - Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour pointSelective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
• C10G 65/04 - Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps

Abstract

The present invention relates to an apparatus for in situ producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for laboratory use comprising a feed preparation section (A) for pre-treating the liquid feedstock which comprises organic sulfur containing components; a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production section (B) downstream the feed preparation section (A) for producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from the organic sulfur containing components in the liquid feedstock at elevated temperature; a separation section (C) downstream the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production section (B) for separating a vaporous portion of the liquid feedstock containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from a liquid portion of the liquid feedstock at a temperature lower than the elevated temperature of the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production section (B); a product analysis section (D) downstream the separation section for analysing the amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the vaporous portion of the liquid feedstock; a plurality of feeding lines for conveying the liquid feedstock from the feed preparation section (A) to the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production section (B) to the separation section (C) and to the product analysis section (D); and a direct feeding line (E) from the separation section (C) to a laboratory setup for directly introducing the vaporous portion of the liquid feedstock containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) into the laboratory setup, a process for in situ producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for laboratory use and the use of said apparatus or process for in situ producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for laboratory use and for creating data banks of the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from various specific liquid feedstock species under different production conditions.

IPC Classes  ?

• C01B 17/16 - Hydrogen sulfides

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process and a reactor for carrying out the process for reducing the benzene content of a reformate refinery stream. The process according to the present invention for reducing the benzene content of a light reformate refinery stream, comprises the following steps: a) reducing the benzene content by exposing the light reformate to hydrogenation conditions in a benzene-saturation reactor bed, b) increasing the octane number of the hydrogenated light reformate produced in step a) by exposing it to isomerization conditions, c) further reducing the benzene content by exposing the light reformate refinery stream to further hydrogenation conditions, wherein the isomerization of step b) occurs after step a), the hydrogenation of step c) does not precede the isomerization step b), and steps a), b) and c) are all carried out within the same reactor. The benzene- saturation reactor according to the present invention comprises: a) an upper reactor zone, being a benzene-saturation reactor bed, which in turn comprises a hydrogenation catalyst, b) a lower reactor zone, capable of effecting both isomerization and benzene-saturation, wherein the lower reactor zone b) comprises at least one reactor bed, which in turn comprises at least one catalyst at least capable of catalyzing an isomerization reaction, and the upper reactor zone is situated above the lower reactor zone.

IPC Classes  ?

• C10G 45/44 - Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons
• C10G 49/00 - Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds, not provided for in a single one of groups , , , , or
• C10G 67/00 - Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only

Abstract

The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for testing corrosiveness of liquid feedstock comprising: a feed preparation section (A) for pre-treating the liquid feedstock; a feed treatment section (B) downstream the feed preparation section (A) for treating the pre- treated liquid feedstock at elevated temperature; a separation section (C) downstream the feed treatment section (B) for separating treated liquid feedstock a liquid portion of the treated liquid feedstock from a vaporous portion of the feedstock at a temperature lower than the elevated temperature of the feed treatment section (B); a product analysis section (D) downstream the separation section for analysing the amount of corrosive species in the liquid portion of the treated liquid feedstock and optionally in the vaporous portion of the treated liquid feedstock; a plurality of feeding lines (E) for feeding the feedstock from the feed preparation section (A) to the feed treatment section (B) to the separation section (C) and to the product analysis section (D); and one or more corrosion coupons (1-9); wherein the one or more corrosion coupons (1-9) are removably placed into one or more of the feed preparation section (A), the feed treatment section (B), the separation section (C) or the product analysis section (D) as such that the one or more corrosion coupons are in contact with the liquid feedstock during operation of the apparatus, a process for testing corrosiveness of liquid feedstock and the use of said apparatus or method for simulating corrosion of refinery processes under operating conditions.

IPC Classes  ?

• G01N 17/00 - Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion or to light

Abstract

A system for contacting gases and liquids includes a vessel containing inert particles, wherein the total volume of the inert particles is from 1 to 20% of the total working volume of the vessel.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01F 3/04 - Mixing, e.g. dispersing, emulsifying, according to the phases to be mixed gases or vapours with liquids
• B01D 53/18 - Absorbing unitsLiquid distributors therefor
• B01J 8/22 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium gas being introduced into the liquid
• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption

Abstract

wherein the pH of the aqueous feed is greater than or equal to 10.0. A product aqueous stream obtained from the process of the invention is also described.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
• B01F 3/04 - Mixing, e.g. dispersing, emulsifying, according to the phases to be mixed gases or vapours with liquids
• C02F 1/70 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by reduction
• B01D 53/62 - Carbon oxides
• B01D 53/77 - Liquid phase processes
• C02F 1/00 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
• C01D 7/00 - Carbonates of sodium, potassium, or alkali metals in general
• C01F 11/24 - Chlorides
• C02F 101/10 - Inorganic compounds

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for reducing in a gas stream (6) the concentration of carbon dioxide and for reducing in an aqueous stream (3) the concentration of sodium chloride, which process comprises contacting a feed gas (6) comprising greater than or equal to 0.1% by volume carbon dioxide with an aqueous feed (4) comprising: (a) sodium chloride; and (b) calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide at a total concentration of greater than or equal to 0.5 % by weight,

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/62 - Carbon oxides
• B01D 53/77 - Liquid phase processes
• C02F 1/00 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
• C01D 7/00 - Carbonates of sodium, potassium, or alkali metals in general

Abstract

A system for contacting gases and liquids comprises a vessel containing inert particles, wherein the total volume of the inert particles is from 1 to 20% of the total working volume of the vessel.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01J 8/22 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium gas being introduced into the liquid
• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for reducing in a gas stream (6) the concentration of carbon dioxide and for reducing in an aqueous stream (3) the concentration of sodium chloride, which process comprises contacting a feed gas (6) comprising greater than or equal to 0.1% by volume carbon dioxide with an aqueous feed (4) comprising: (a) sodium chloride; and (b) calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide at a total concentration of greater than or equal to 0.5 % by weight,

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/62 - Carbon oxides
• B01D 53/77 - Liquid phase processes
• C01D 7/00 - Carbonates of sodium, potassium, or alkali metals in general
• C02F 1/00 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Abstract

A system for contacting gases and liquids comprises a vessel containing inert particles, wherein the total volume of the inert particles is from 1 to 20% of the total working volume of the vessel.

IPC Classes  ?

• B01D 53/14 - Separation of gases or vapoursRecovering vapours of volatile solvents from gasesChemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases or aerosols by absorption
• B01J 8/22 - Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes with fluidised particles with liquid as a fluidising medium gas being introduced into the liquid