The present invention provides an anion exchange membrane that has low electrical resistance when used in electrodialysis, is produced without an increase in cost, and is excellent in selective permeability to monovalent anions, and a method for producing the same. The anion exchange membrane has a tertiary amino group and a quaternary ammonium group as functional groups, such that an intensity ratio of the tertiary amino group to the quaternary ammonium group is 1.0 or more as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on a surface of the anion exchange membrane having the tertiary amino group and the quaternary ammonium group as the functional groups.
An anion exchange membrane includes an anion exchange resin layer 3 reinforced with a backing material sheet 5. The anion exchange resin layer 3 includes an anion exchange resin that has as an anion exchange group a pyridinium group formed by protonation of a pyridyl group, and a vinyl chloride resin as a thickener. The backing material sheet 5 is made of a polyethylene woven fabric.
A cation-exchange membrane using a polyolefin-based substrate with reduced swelling of an ion-exchange resin and a low electrical resistance is provided. The cation-exchange membrane of the present invention includes a substrate made of polyolefin-based woven fabric, and a sulfonic acid group-containing cation-exchange resin. A portion of the cation-exchange membrane other than the substrate has 23 mass % or more to 35 mass % or less of polyvinyl chloride.
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
B01J 39/05 - Processes using organic exchangers in the strongly acidic form
B01J 39/20 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 47/127 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes in the form of filaments or fibres
4.
ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
An anion-exchange membrane of the present invention includes a substrate made of polyolefin-based woven fabric and an anion-exchange resin, and has an electrical resistance measured using 0.5 M NaCl solution at 25° C. of 1.0 Ω•cm2 or more to 2.5 Ω•cm2 or less, a bursting strength of 0.7 MPa or more to 1.2 MPa or less, a water permeation rate measured using pressured water at 0.1 MPa of 300 ml/(m2•hr) or less, a thickness of the substrate of 90 µm or more to 160 µm or less, and an open area ratio of the substrate of 35% or more to 55% or less.
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
B01J 47/127 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes in the form of filaments or fibres
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 41/05 - Processes using organic exchangers in the strongly basic form
Provided is an anion exchange membrane that has low electrical resistance when performing electrodialysis and has excellent selective permeability for monovalent anions, without an increase in manufacturing costs. Also provided is a manufacturing method therefor. An anion exchange membrane that has a third amino group and a fourth ammonium group as functional groups is used, said membrane having a intensity ratio of the third amino group to the fourth ammonium group of at least 1.0 when using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to measure the anion exchange membrane surface that has the third amino group and the fourth ammonium group as the functional groups.
B01D 71/82 - Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
A bipolar membrane in which a cation-exchange membrane and an anion-exchange membrane are joined to each other, wherein a leakage ratio of gluconic acid at 60° C. is not more than 1.0%, and the cation-exchange membrane is supported by a polyolefin reinforcing member and, further, contains a polyvinyl chloride.
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
C25B 13/02 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by shape or form
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
This bipolar electrodialysis method, which is for generating acid and alkali from a salt using an electrodialyzer in which a bipolar membrane BP and a cation exchange membrane C are disposed between a positive electrode 10 and a negative electrode 11, is characterized in that an alkaline chamber, which faces an anion exchanger a of the bipolar membrane BP, is acid-washing with an acid aqueous solution having a pH of at most 3.5 when the energization of the electrodialyzer is stopped.
B01D 65/06 - Membrane cleaning or sterilisation with special washing compositions
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
8.
ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
This anion exchange membrane is characterized by having an anion exchange resin layer 3 reinforced by a substrate sheet 5, wherein the anion exchange resin layer 3 comprises: an anion exchange resin including, as an anion exchange group, a pyridinium group in which a pyridyl group is protonated; and a vinyl chloride resin as a thickener, the substrate sheet 5 being made of a polyethylene woven fabric.
B01D 71/82 - Macromolecular material not specifically provided for in a single one of groups characterised by the presence of specified groups, e.g. introduced by chemical after-treatment
Provided is a cation exchange membrane in which a polyolefin base material is used, wherein swelling of an ion exchange resin is suppressed, and the cation exchange membrane has low electrical resistance. This cation exchange membrane is equipped with a base material made from a polyolefin woven fabric, and a cation exchange resin having sulfonate groups, the cation exchange membrane including 23-35 mass% (inclusive) of polyvinyl chloride in portions other than the base material.
This anion exchange membrane comprises a base material formed from a polyolefin-based woven fabric, and an anion exchange resin, wherein the electrical resistance measured at 25°C using 0.5 M saline ranges from 1.0 Ω⋅cm2to 2.5 Ω⋅cm2(inclusive), the burst strength is 0.7-1.2 MPa (inclusive), the water permeability measured using 0.1 MPa pressurized water is 300 mL/(m2⋅hr) or less, the thickness of the base material is 90-160 μm (inclusive), and the aperture ratio of the base material is 35-55% (inclusive).
B01J 41/13 - Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
A polymerizable composition for forming an ion-exchange resin precursor, the polymerizable composition containing a monomer component and polyethylene particles in an amount of 50 to 120 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the monomer component, wherein the monomer component contains an aromatic monomer for introducing ion-exchange groups and a nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer, the nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer being present in an amount of 10 to 35% by mass in said monomer component. An ion-exchange membrane is produced by applying the polymerizable composition onto a polyolefin type filament base material and polymerizing the polymerizable composition to form an ion-exchange resin precursor and, thereafter, introducing ion-exchange groups into the precursor.
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
C08F 212/14 - Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring substituted by hetero atoms or groups containing hetero atoms
A bipolar membrane BP characterized in that particles 5 of a basic metal chloride are distributed in the interface between a cation-exchange membrane 1 and an anion-exchange membrane 3.
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
A method for producing quaternary ammonium hydroxide in an electrolysis vessel configured so that a negative ion exchange film and a positive ion exchange film are arranged between electrodes, the method being performed by supplying an aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium halide to a chamber partitioned by the negative ion exchange film and the positive ion exchange film and performing electrolysis, wherein the method for producing quaternary ammonium hydroxide is characterized in that electrolysis is performed by using, as the negative ion exchange film, a film in which a proton-transmission-suppressing layer comprising a high-crosslinking resin layer, etc., is formed on a film surface on one side, the film being used in a state in which the surface where the proton-transmission-suppressing layer is formed is arranged so as to face the negative-electrode side.
C25B 3/04 - Electrolytic production of organic compounds by reduction
C25B 13/08 - DiaphragmsSpacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
C25B 1/00 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
C25B 9/00 - Cells or assemblies of cellsConstructional parts of cellsAssemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assembliesProcess-related cell features
C25B 9/08 - Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
14.
ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ASSESSMENT METHOD AND ASSESSMENT DEVICE
This invention provides a method for simply assessing whether a pinhole has formed in an ion exchange membrane. The invention is characterized in that: moisture is removed from a surface A of an ion exchange membrane 5 held in a wet state; water is supplied to a surface B; in this state, a water-absorbing sheet 9b is brought into contact with the surface A of the ion exchange membrane 5; next, the surface of the water-absorbing sheet 9b is observed; and whether there is a pinhole in the ion exchange membrane 5 is determined by checking whether there is water that has passed through the ion exchange membrane 5.
A bipolar membrane BP according to the present invention is characterized in that particles 5 of a basic metal chloride are distributed in the interface between a cation exchange membrane 1 and an anion exchange membrane 3.
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
A polymerizable composition for forming an ion-exchange resin precursor, the polymerizable composition containing a monomer component and polyethylene particles in an amount of 50 to 120 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the monomer component, wherein the monomer component contains an aromatic monomer for introducing ion-exchange groups and a nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer, the nitrogen-containing aliphatic monomer being present in an amount of 10 to 35% by mass in said monomer component. An ion-exchange membrane is produced by applying the polymerizable composition onto a polyolefin type filament base material and polymerizing the polymerizable composition to form an ion-exchange resin precursor and, thereafter, introducing ion-exchange groups into the precursor.
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
Provided is an electrodialysis apparatus in which an ion exchange membrane is disposed in the space between a negative electrode and a positive electrode, and a demineralization chamber and a concentration chamber are formed by the ion exchange membrane, wherein the ion exchange membrane is an asymmetric ion exchange membrane having an ion exchange resin layer formed on one surface of a porous substrate, and the asymmetric ion exchange membrane is installed such that the surface on which the ion exchange resin layer is formed is on the demineralization chamber side. The electrodialysis apparatus is capable of performing electrodialysis stably with high desalting capacity. In addition, a reverse electrodialysis apparatus capable of performing stable reverse electrodialysis with high output is provided.
In a reverse electrodialysis method in which, between electrode plates 1a, 1b that are conductively connected with each other, a plurality of anion exchange membranes A and cation exchange membranes C are disposed in an alternating manner, chambers formed between the electrode plates 1a, 1b and one of the anion exchange membranes A or the cation exchange membranes C serve as primary electrode chambers 7, 9 in which a polar liquid E is made to flow, chambers formed on one side of the anion exchange membranes A serve as dense chambers 3 in which a high-concentration electrolyte solution H is made to flow, and chambers formed on the other side of the anion exchange membranes A serve as dilute chambers 5 in which a low-concentration electrolyte solution L is made to flow. The present invention is characterized in that a water electrolysis unit 11 having a structure in which a conductive plate 13 is inserted between an anion exchange membrane A and a cation exchange membrane C, which are arranged in an alternating manner, is formed, the two chambers individually formed between the ion exchange membranes A, C on both sides of the conductive plate 13 serve as individual pseudo electrode chambers 15a, 15b, the polar liquid E is made to flow in the individual pseudo electrode chambers 15a, 15b, and hydrogen is also generated in one pseudo electrode chamber 15a.
C25B 1/10 - Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals of hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water in diaphragm cells
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
According to the present invention, provided is an ion-exchange membrane including a monomer component and 50–120 parts by mass of polyethylene particles per 100 parts by mass of the monomer component, the monomer component including an ion-exchange-group-introducing aromatic monomer and a nitrogenous aliphatic monomer, the nitrogenous aliphatic monomer being produced by applying a polymerizable composition for forming an ion-exchange resin precursor to a filamentous polyolefin substrate, the polymerizable composition being present in an amount of 10–35% by mass within the monomer component, followed by polymerizing the composition to form an ion-exchange resin precursor, after which an ion-exchange group is introduced into the precursor.
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
The present invention provides a bipolar membrane which is obtained by joining a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange membrane with each other, and which is characterized in that: the gluconic acid leakage rate thereof at 60°C is 1.0% or less; the cation exchange membrane is supported by a reinforcing material that is formed from a polyolefin; and the cation exchange membrane contains a polyvinyl chloride.
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
An ion exchange membrane having a structure that an ion exchange resin is filled in spaces of a porous base film, the porous base film has a structure that at least two porous olefin resin layers are laminated with a bonding strength of 100 gf/cm or more to less than 700 gf/cm and a Gurley air permeance of 500 sec/100 ml or less in terms of a 100 μm thick film. In this ion exchange membrane, base film has high air permeability though it has a multi-layer structure that a plurality of porous resin films are bonded together, and therefore a rise in electric resistance caused by the lamination of the base sheets is effectively suppressed.
B01D 67/00 - Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
B01D 69/02 - Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or propertiesManufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
B32B 27/08 - Layered products essentially comprising synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer next to another layer of a specific substance of synthetic resin of a different kind
B32B 38/00 - Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
B32B 5/22 - Layered products characterised by the non-homogeneity or physical structure of a layer characterised by the presence of two or more layers which comprise fibres, filaments, granules, or powder, or are foamed or specifically porous
B01J 39/05 - Processes using organic exchangers in the strongly acidic form
B01J 39/20 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 41/05 - Processes using organic exchangers in the strongly basic form
B01J 41/07 - Processes using organic exchangers in the weakly basic form
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B32B 3/26 - Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shapeLayered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layerLayered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shapeLayered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids
22.
ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME
This ion exchange membrane has a structure wherein pores of a porous base film are filled with an ion exchange resin. The porous base film has a structure wherein at least two porous olefin resin layers are laminated with a bonding strength of 100 gf/cm or more but less than 700 gf/cm, while having a Gurley air permeability of 500 sec/100 ml or less in terms of a 100 μm thick film. This ion exchange membrane exhibits high air permeability even though the base film has a multilayer structure wherein a plurality of porous resin films are bonded with each other, thereby effectively suppressing increase in the electrical resistance due to lamination of base sheets.
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
B32B 5/22 - Layered products characterised by the non-homogeneity or physical structure of a layer characterised by the presence of two or more layers which comprise fibres, filaments, granules, or powder, or are foamed or specifically porous
An ion-exchange membrane including a porous unstretched polyethylene sheet in which fine pores are piercing, the pores being filled with an ion-exchange resin.
The ion-exchange membrane exhibits excellent concentration property.
B01J 39/20 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 47/00 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
An ion-exchange membrane of the present invention is formed by filling fine pores of a porous unstretched polyethlene sheet penetrated by the fine pores with an ion-exchange resin. Such an ion-exchange membrane shows excellent concentration properties.
[Problem] To provide an ion exchange membrane which comprises a less expensive nonwoven fabric sheet as a base sheet, has excellent properties such as strength, dimensional stability and morphological stability, shows effectively regulated waviness upon contact with an electrolytic solution and exhibits a low membrane resistance and stable characteristics. [Solution] The ion exchange membrane comprises a nonwoven fabric sheet (1) and an ion exchange resin coating layer (3) that is formed on one surface of the nonwoven fabric sheet (1). The nonwoven fabric sheet (1) has a fiber layer structure consisting of long fiber layers (5), which comprise fibers having a fiber diameter of 8-30 µm and are provided on both faces, and a microfiber layer (7), which comprises fibers having a fiber diameter less than 5 µm and is sandwiched, as an intermediate layer, between the long fiber layers (5), said fiber layer structure being formed through fusion of the fibers.
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
B32B 3/00 - Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shapeLayered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
B32B 5/24 - Layered products characterised by the non-homogeneity or physical structure of a layer characterised by the presence of two or more layers which comprise fibres, filaments, granules, or powder, or are foamed or specifically porous one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
[Problems] To provide an ion exchanger having excellent electric properties, a low electric resistance, excellent mechanical strength and, at the same time, having excellent contamination resistance.
[Means for Solution] An ion exchanger comprises a melt-extrusion-formed body of a resin composition containing a granular ion-exchange resin and a low-melting polyolefin resin having a melting point of not higher than 170° C., the melt-extrusion-formed body: (a) containing the granular ion-exchange resin at a ratio of not less than 30% by weight but less than 50% by weight, and the low-melting polyolefin resin in an amount of more than 100 parts by weight but not more than 150 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the granular ion-exchange resin; (b) having a melt index in a range of 1 to 5 g/10 min. as measured at 190° C.; and (c) having a water content of not less than 30%.
To provide a bipolar membrane featuring improved adhesion between an anion-exchange membrane and a cation-exchange membrane without accompanied by an increase in the membrane voltage.
[Means for Solution]
A bipolar membrane comprising a cation-exchange membrane and an anion-exchange membrane joined together facing each other, wherein at least one of the ion exchange membranes contains a chlorinated polyolefin.
Provided is an ion exchange body which has excellent electrical characteristics, has low electrical resistance, and furthermore has superior mechanical strength, while simultaneously having superior contamination resistance. The ion exchange body comprises a melt extrusion-formed body with a resin composition including ion exchange resin particles and a low melting point polyolefin resin having a melting point no higher than 170°C. The aforementioned melt extrusion-formed body is characterized by a) comprising the aforementioned ion exchange resin particles at a proportion of least 30% and less than 50% by weight, and having the aforementioned low melting point resin at a ratio of over 100 and no more than 150 parts per 100 parts of the aforementioned ion exchange resin particles by weight; b) having a melt flow index in the range of 1-5g / 10min when measured at 190°C; and c) having a moisture content of at least 30%.
C08J 5/20 - Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
B01J 39/20 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 41/14 - Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
B01J 47/12 - Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
B29C 47/00 - Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor (extrusion blow-moulding B29C 49/04)
C08L 23/00 - Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bondCompositions of derivatives of such polymers
C08L 101/12 - Compositions of unspecified macromolecular compounds characterised by physical features, e.g. anisotropy, viscosity or electrical conductivity
29.
BIPOLAR MEMBRANE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME
Provided is a bipolar membrane having improved adhesion properties between an anion exchange membrane and a cathion exchange membrane without causing increase of the membrane voltage. In the bipolar membrane formed by the cathion exchange membrane and the anion exchange membrane which are bonded to face each other, at least one of the exchange membranes contains polyolefin chloride.
[PROBLEMS] To provide a method of recovering a high-purity acid from a nitric/hydrofluoric acid waste liquid through a small number of steps. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] A pair of anion-exchange membranes (A) are disposed between an anode and a cathode. A cation-exchange membrane (C) and a monovalent-selective cation-exchange membrane (CIMS) are disposed in this order from the anode side between the pair of anion-exchange membranes (A). Electrodialysis is conducted while supplying a nitric/hydrofluoric acid waste liquid to a desalting deacidifying chamber (5) formed between one of the anion-exchange membranes (A) and the cation-exchange membrane (C) and further supplying an aqueous acid solution to a waste liquid chamber (7) which adjoins the desalting deacidifying chamber (5) and is formed between the cation-exchange membrane (C) and the monovalent-selective cation-exchange membrane (SC). Thus, nitric acid and/or hydrofluoric acid is recovered from an acid chamber (9) which adjoins the desalting deacidifying chamber (5) and is formed between a monovalent-selective cation-exchange membrane (SC) and the other anion-exchange membrane (A).
C02F 1/469 - Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
patents
